Extract from a Report on the Resistance of Spheres of Small Diameter in an Airstream of High Velocity

Much attention is given here to the design of the wind tunnel and the experimental set-up. In comparing their results on the wind resistance of spheres to the results of other researchers, the authors find wide discrepancies. They are unable to explain the cause of the discrepancies, concluding, as they do, that the differing results could not be explained by the action of the wind tunnel walls

Bacterial Hsp70 resolves misfolded states and accelerates productive folding of a multi-domain protein

The ATP-dependent Hsp70 chaperones (DnaK in E. coli) mediate protein folding in cooperation with J proteins and nucleotide exchange factors (E. coli DnaJ and GrpE, respectively). The Hsp70 system prevents protein aggregation and increases folding yields. Whether it also enhances the rate of folding remains unclear. Here we show that DnaK/DnaJ/GrpE accelerate the folding of the multi-domain protein firefly luciferase (FLuc) 20-fold over the rate of spontaneous folding measured in the absence of aggregation. Analysis by single-pair FRET and hydrogen/deuterium exchange identified inter-domain misfolding as the cause of slow folding. DnaK binding expands the misfolded region and thereby resolves the kinetically-trapped intermediates, with folding occurring upon GrpE-mediated release. In each round of release DnaK commits a fraction of FLuc to fast folding, circumventing misfolding. We suggest that by resolving misfolding and accelerating productive folding, the bacterial Hsp70 system can maintain proteins in their native states under otherwise denaturing stress conditions. The Hsp70 system prevents protein aggregation and increases folding yields, but it is unknown whether it also enhances the rate of folding. Here the authors combine refolding assays, FRET and hydrogen/deuterium exchange-mass spectrometry measurements to study the folding of firefly luciferase and find that the bacterial Hsp70 actively promotes the folding of this multi-domain protein

Not a fairy tale: archives tell a story about clammed up natives and crabby invaders

Natural history museum collections are valuable archives of the past. They store selective moments in form of individual organisms that are linked to a particular date and place. Repeated collection events over several years of identical species from the same places results in time series. These time series are invaluable because they store information about the changes in biodiversity and adaptations of species. By applying modern analyses techniques like ancient DNA (aDNA) methods and shot- gun sequencing, the genetic data of worldwide 1.5 billion historic collection entries can be made available and investigated today. Because of this research potential, natural history museum collections represent an essential basis for scientific questions, particularly in relation to long-term environmental changes caused by climate change and globalisation. In the course of this thesis, three studies have been conducted on the basis of museum collections in the background of climate change and globalisation. First, the studies aimed to investigate the extinction event of the native European flat oyster Ostrea edulis, as well as the impact of the neozoan common limpet slipper Crepidula fornicata on the oyster, since it was soon after its introduction accused to displace O. edulis. Secondly, the historical phylogeography of O. edulis was reconstructed to enlighten the processes of the extinction event further. Thirdly, the genetic population structure of long-established neozoa like the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis was investigated in order to find potential adaptation or differentiation processes to its new environment. Both native and neozoan species were selected for their ecological and economic importance, which is why many museum collections hold time series of these species. The results of these studies showed that the extinction event of O. edulis in the North Sea can be successfully traced based on collection material. The shallow oyster beds on the coasts went extinct first, whereas the last living individual of the deeper oyster beds in the central North Sea was found in 1939. Moreover, the reconstruction of the historical distribution revealed that the population of C. fornicata increased only after the oyster beds went extinct. Thus, C. fornicata is despite its bad reputation not to blame for the extinction event of the European flat oyster in the North Sea. Additionally, by using aDNA methods on dry shells from museum collections, the historical phylogeography of O. edulis was successfully depicted in its native range for the first time. These modern methods unveiled the historical population structure of the European flat oyster across Europe in the late 19th century – including the now extinct populations of the Wadden Sea. The innovation of this historical study in comparison with present-day studies was the discovery of the autochthon- ous haplogroup in the Wadden Sea. This haplogroup has not yet been detected in current oyster beds in other locations, assuming this haplogroup could be extinct today. This offers a possible explanation why the oyster has not resettled the Wad- den Sea until now. Lastly, the public databases (e.g. GenBank, BOLD) were used for population genetic analyses on the Chinese mitten crab E. sinensis. This invasive crab has been introduced to Europe at the beginning of the 20th century and spread rapidly over countries ever since. The results revealed unique haplotypes occurring in Northern Germany that has not been found in the native range. These haplotypes suggest genetic differentiation and adaptation processes in response to the new environment during the past century. Finally, the natural history collections proved to be a valuable tool for different research questions. Whereas the impact of climate change could not be verified on the basis of these preliminary studies, the influence of globalisation is evident. Therefore the results of the historical studies will help to better understand the processes in the future

Review

Molecular chaperones are highly conserved proteins that promote proper folding of other proteinsin vivo. Diverse chaperone systems assistde novoprotein folding and trafficking, the assembly of oligomeric complexes, and recovery from stress-induced unfolding. A fundamental function of molecular chaperones is to inhibit unproductive protein interactions by recognizing and protecting hydrophobic surfaces that are exposed during folding or following proteotoxic stress. Beyond this basic principle, it is now clear that chaperones can also actively and specifically accelerate folding reactions in an ATP-dependent manner. We focus on the bacterial Hsp70 and chaperonin systems as paradigms, and review recent work that has advanced our understanding of how these chaperones act as catalysts of protein folding

Economic Recession Affects Gambling Participation But Not Problematic Gambling: Results from a Population-Based Follow-up Study

In October 2008, Iceland experienced the fastest and deepest financial crisis recorded in modern times when all three major banks went bankrupt in less than 2 weeks. The purpose of this follow-up study is to examine potential changes in participation in 12 different gambling types and in problem gambling before (time 1; year 2007) and after (time 2; year 2011) the economic collapse in 2008. The time between the first and second wave of data collection was 3.5 years. In total, 1,531 participants took part in the study, 688 males and 843 females. There was a considerable increase in past year gambling behavior from 2007 to 2011, mostly due to increased participation in lotto (National lotto and Viking lotto) but also in bingo, monthly lotteries (class lotteries with at least monthly draw) and scratch tickets. Only EGMs (electronic gaming machines) participation declined significantly between the two timepoints. Examining past year problematic gambling figures revealed that there were no changes in the prevalence figures between the year 2007 (1.2%) and 2011 (1.1%). Further examination revealed that those who reported financial difficulties due to the recession were more likely to buy lotto- or scratch tickets during the recession than those who were not financially affected by the crisis. These findings remained after controlling for background variables and baseline gambling activity (gambling in 2007). Overall, the findings of the follow-up study suggest that when people are experiencing financial difficulties during economic recessions, the possibility to improve their financial situation by winning large jackpots with low initial stakes becomes more enticing.This research project received funding from the Icelandic Ministry of the Interior. The authors have full responsibility for all parts of the data collection, examination of the data, and full control over the decision on publication.Peer Reviewe

Sensitivity of OMI SO<inf>2</inf> measurements to variable eruptive behaviour at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat

Since 2004, the satellite-borne Ozone Mapping Instrument (OMI) has observed sulphur dioxide (SO$_{2}$) plumes during both quiescence and effusive eruptive activity at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat. On average, OMI detected a SO$_{2}$ plume 4–6 times more frequently during effusive periods than during quiescence in the 2008–2010 period. The increased ability of OMI to detect SO$_{2}$ during eruptive periods is mainly due to an increase in plume altitude rather than a higher SO$_{2}$ emission rate. Three styles of eruptive activity cause thermal lofting of gases (Vulcanian explosions; pyroclastic flows; a hot lava dome) and the resultant plume altitudes are estimated from observations and models. Most lofting plumes from Soufrière Hills are derived from hot domes and pyroclastic flows. Although Vulcanian explosions produced the largest plumes, some produced only negligible SO$_{2}$ signals detected by OMI. OMI is most valuable for monitoring purposes at this volcano during periods of lava dome growth and during explosive activity.This work was supported by the NERC National Centre for Earth Observation (Theme 6: Dynamic Earth) grant, NE/E015093/1.This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from Elsevier via http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2016.01.01

Molecular Switches at the Synapse Emerge from Receptor and Kinase Traffic

Changes in the synaptic connection strengths between neurons are believed to play a role in memory formation. An important mechanism for changing synaptic strength is through movement of neurotransmitter receptors and regulatory proteins to and from the synapse. Several activity-triggered biochemical events control these movements. Here we use computer models to explore how these putative memory-related changes can be stabilised long after the initial trigger, and beyond the lifetime of synaptic molecules. We base our models on published biochemical data and experiments on the activity-dependent movement of a glutamate receptor, AMPAR, and a calcium-dependent kinase, CaMKII. We find that both of these molecules participate in distinct bistable switches. These simulated switches are effective for long periods despite molecular turnover and biochemical fluctuations arising from the small numbers of molecules in the synapse. The AMPAR switch arises from a novel self-recruitment process where the presence of sufficient receptors biases the receptor movement cycle to insert still more receptors into the synapse. The CaMKII switch arises from autophosphorylation of the kinase. The switches may function in a tightly coupled manner, or relatively independently. The latter case leads to multiple stable states of the synapse. We propose that similar self-recruitment cycles may be important for maintaining levels of many molecules that undergo regulated movement, and that these may lead to combinatorial possible stable states of systems like the synapse

Antibiotic-induced gut dysbiosis and cognitive, emotional, and behavioral changes in rodents: a systematic review and meta-analysis

There are previous epidemiological studies reporting associations between antibiotic use and psychiatric symptoms. Antibiotic-induced gut dysbiosis and alteration of microbiota-gut-brain axis communication has been proposed to play a role in this association. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we reviewed published articles that have presented results on changes in cognition, emotion, and behavior in rodents (rats and mice) after antibiotic-induced gut dysbiosis. We searched three databases—PubMed, Web of Science, and SCOPUS to identify such articles using dedicated search strings and extracted data from 48 articles. Increase in anxiety and depression-like behavior was reported in 32.7 and 40.7 percent of the study-populations, respectively. Decrease in sociability, social novelty preference, recognition memory and spatial cognition was found in 18.1, 35.3, 26.1, and 62.5 percent of the study-populations, respectively. Only one bacterial taxon (increase in gut Proteobacteria) showed statistically significant association with behavioral changes (increase in anxiety). There were no consistent findings with statistical significance for the potential biomarkers [Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in the hippocampus, serum corticosterone and circulating IL-6 and IL-1β levels]. Results of the meta-analysis revealed a significant association between symptoms of negative valence system (including anxiety and depression) and cognitive system (decreased spatial cognition) with antibiotic intake (p \u3c 0.05). However, between-study heterogeneity and publication bias were statistically significant (p \u3c 0.05). Risk of bias was evaluated to be high in the majority of the studies. We identified and discussed several reasons that could contribute to the heterogeneity between the results of the studies examined. The results of the meta-analysis provide promising evidence that there is indeed an association between antibiotic-induced gut dysbiosis and psychopathologies. However, inconsistencies in the implemented methodologies make generalizing these results difficult. Gut microbiota depletion using antibiotics may be a useful strategy to evaluate if and how gut microbes influence cognition, emotion, and behavior, but the heterogeneity in methodologies used precludes any definitive interpretations for a translational impact on clinical practice

Analisis Kapasitas Dan Kebutuhan Ruang Parkir Di Kawasan Pantai Warna Oesapa

Pemakaian&nbsp; fasilitas&nbsp; parkir&nbsp; bagi&nbsp; masyarakat&nbsp; yang berkunjung&nbsp; ke&nbsp; Pantai&nbsp; warna&nbsp; oesapa&nbsp; perlu&nbsp; dilakukan&nbsp; pengaturan&nbsp; dan&nbsp; penataan fasilitas&nbsp; parkir&nbsp; yang&nbsp; baik. Parkir&nbsp; yang&nbsp; sangat&nbsp; mengganggu&nbsp; kelancaran&nbsp; lalu&nbsp; lintas adalah parkir&nbsp; yang berada pada badan&nbsp; jalan (on street parking). Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan analisis karakteristik parkir untuk mendapatkan kebutuhan ruang parkir. . Hasil kebutuhan&nbsp; parkir&nbsp; sepeda&nbsp; motor&nbsp; yang&nbsp; menggunakan&nbsp; fasilitas&nbsp; on&nbsp; street&nbsp; di Pantai&nbsp; Warna&nbsp; Oesapa&nbsp; pada&nbsp; saat&nbsp; ini&nbsp; bila&nbsp; dihitung&nbsp; menggunakan&nbsp; rumus adalah&nbsp; 581,42&nbsp; SRP&nbsp; sepeda&nbsp; motor,&nbsp; sedangkan&nbsp; bila&nbsp; dihitung&nbsp; dengan mengacu&nbsp; kepada&nbsp; peraturan&nbsp; Direktorat&nbsp; Jenderal&nbsp; Perhubungan&nbsp; Darat&nbsp; adalah 675&nbsp; SRP&nbsp; sepeda&nbsp; motor.Perkiraan&nbsp; kebutuhan&nbsp; ruang&nbsp; parkir&nbsp; pada&nbsp; 10&nbsp; tahun mendatang&nbsp; (tahun&nbsp; 2030)&nbsp; termasuk&nbsp; memindahkan&nbsp; on&nbsp; street&nbsp; parking&nbsp; ke ruang&nbsp; parkir&nbsp; di&nbsp; Pantai&nbsp; Warna&nbsp; Oesapa, adalah&nbsp; sebesar&nbsp; 996,83&nbsp; SRP&nbsp; sepeda moto

Insights into the 9 December 2019 eruption of Whakaari/White Island from analysis of TROPOMI SO₂ imagery.

From Europe PMC via Jisc Publications RouterHistory: ppub 2021-06-01, epub 2021-06-18Publication status: PublishedSmall, phreatic explosions from volcanic hydrothermal systems pose a substantial proximal hazard on volcanoes, which can be popular tourist sites, creating casualty risks in case of eruption. Volcano monitoring of gas emissions provides insights into when explosions are likely to happen and unravel processes driving eruptions. Here, we report SO2 flux and plume height data retrieved from TROPOMI satellite imagery before, during, and after the 9 December 2019 eruption of Whakaari/White Island volcano, New Zealand, which resulted in 22 fatalities and numerous injuries. We show that SO2 was detected without explosive activity on separate days before and after the explosion, and that fluxes increased from 10 to 45 kg/s ~40 min before the explosion itself. High temporal resolution gas monitoring from space can provide key insights into magmatic degassing processes globally, aiding understanding of eruption precursors and complementing ground-based monitoring