An evaluation of the colors in primary school English textbook through students` perception

The Malaysian education system has transformed from the traditional to the modern, albeit keeping to textbooks as the main teaching material. Among the factors determining the quality of textbooks, color is an important one, especially in primary school textbooks. Suitably applied, it will enrich classroom instruction and aid the learning process. This research was designed to run in two phases, and the data collected were analyzed by SPSS software. In the first phase, the colors used in the pictures of Year-4 English textbook were evaluated. Next, the color preferences of 384 students in the fourth grade of national primary schools were collected. Data from the first phase show that out of 901 textbook pictures, 792, 733, and 412 respectively use primary, secondary, and tertiary colors. Data from the second phase show the students highly interested in tertiary colors. The results of this study reveal important points for textbook quality improvement. Knowing what colors students like allows illustrators to consider age levels, not only when illustrating textbooks but also when creating pictures for other materials

Waqf ilmi in UiTM Negeri Sembilan; creating awareness and acceptance through A-I-D-A model perspective

Purpose - The future success of socio-economic wellbeing significantly contributed from the nation’s education other than the economic growth. Knowledge should be the main aspect that need to be considered by a human to growth, even Islam itself is emphasized by the very first word of the first verse revealed in the Quran, “iqra” which literally means read. In fact, education is important for a sustainable development of the society other than to reduce poverty and otherreligious purposes.Responding to this issue, waqf in higher education started growing as a mechanism in developing knowledgeable intellectuals other than providing an infrastructure for educational purposes. Through this, individual can contribute to the society not only by having cash or assets, but also by contributing the knowledge and expertise to the community which is called as “waqf ilmi”. The unique features and good track of waqf in the prominent universities in the world has raised awareness for public universities in Malaysia to adopt waqf.However, the level of awareness should be instilled at an early date of the introduction of waqf ilmi as the waqf concept in Malaysia, specific in higher education is still at perceived level and less satisfactory.Hence, to foster the practice of waqf in higher learning institution, this study aims to promote the fundamental understanding by creating an awareness towards waqf ilmi within the community in Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Negeri Sembilan.A study starts with an explanation of waqf ilmi and how it can be implemented here.Then, a structured questionnaire was distributed to whom were selected randomly within 3 campuses of UiTMCNS to share their understanding and awareness on waqf ilmu using A-I-D-A model as a benchmark of measurement. The result of this study can be used as a starting point by various parties to promote waqf ilmi as a norm of educational development of the society.Methodology - Waqf has been executed to benefit in many aspects not only limited to religious purposes but also education, healthcare, national security, commercial and business activities, transportation facilities, shelter and food for the needy and poor. The awareness and correct understanding of waqf should be possessed by -R Hussin, RA Rashid (2017)

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Essays on the changes in the occupational structure and the U.S. labor market outcomes

This dissertation investigates how changes in the U.S. occupational structure affected labor market outcomes between 1983 and 2009.The existing literature shows that the high-paid and low-paid non-routine task-intensive occupations grew relative to middle-paid routine task-intensive occupations. However, more detailed data analysis shows substantial differences in the growth of employment share and wages of specific occupations within broad occupational groups, particularly, within non-routine occupations. In Chapter 2, following the O*Net experts' task grouping approach, the occupations' tasks are categorized based on the nature of tasks: Social, Mental, Technical, and Physical. This way of organizing occupations can better explain the employment share and wage heterogeneities within broad occupational groups. Using the CPS and O*Net datasets, this chapter shows that between1983 and 2009, the employment share and wage of Social task-intensive occupations increased significantly. In addition, further dividing Social task-intensive occupations into Management, Team, and Customer groups shows that the increase of employment shares of Management task-intensive occupations occurred during the 1990s, while the increase of employment shares in Customer task-intensive occupations occurred between 1983 and 2009, especially in the 2000s.Men and women work in occupations that differ in their task content. The first part of Chapter 3 investigates how differences in the occupational structure contributed to gender wage gaps and their changes over time. Using the DiNardo, Fortin, and Lemieux (1996) decomposition method, this chapter shows that in both 1983 and 2009, the wage gap between the genders would have been wider if female workers had not been engaged significantly in Mental task-intensive occupations. Furthermore, women's lower employment shares in Management task-intensive occupations contributed to widening gender wage gap. Results also show that the increase in employment shares of women in Social task-intensive occupations, especially Customer ones, caused a significant effect in closing the gender wage gap between 1983 and 2009. The second part of this chapter investigates the contribution of different occupations to wage inequality among men and women. Results show that, particularly in the 2000s, part of the relative increase in wages in the top tail of wage distribution within men is because high-paid men increasingly worked in Social task-intensive occupations; while within women, it is because high-paid women increasingly worked in Mental task-intensive occupations.Chapter 4 delves deeper into how exactly the changes in the occupational employment structure documented in Chapter 2 occurred; and how the task content of occupations varied over the life cycle of cohorts and across them. Results show that as young workers entered the labor force, they participated mostly in Physical and Technical task-intensive occupations and started decreasing their employment shares in these occupations as they aged. In contrast, they had lower employment shares in Social and especially Mental task-intensive occupations, which increased as they aged. These patterns are similar for all cohorts. The analysis of between-cohort evidence shows that almost all of the subsequent cohorts increased their employment shares in the growing Social task-intensive occupations.Cette thèse porte sur l'influence des changements survenus dans la structure professionnelle américaine aux résultats sur le marché du travail entre 1983 et 3009.La littérature existante montre que les professions non-routiners, bien rémunérés et faiblement rémunérées ont progressé par rapport aux professions de routine et moyennement rémunérées. Cependant, une analyse plus détaillée des données montre qu'il existe des hétérogénéités dans la croissance des professions, en particulier dans les professions à forte intensité de tâches non routinières. Au chapitre 2, suivant l'approche de regroupement des tâches des experts O*Net, les tâches des professions sont regroupées en fonction de la nature des tâches: Sociales, Mentales, Techniques, et Physiques. Cette manière de regrouper les professions mieux expliquer les hétérogénéités au sein des grands groupes professionnels. À l'aide des ensembles de données CPS et O*Net, ce chapitre montre qu'entre 1983 et 2009, la part de l'emploi et le salaire des professions à forte intensité Sociale ont considérablement augmenté. En outre, le sous-groupe professions Sociales à forte concentration de tâches dans Gestion, Équipe, et Client montre que la part de l'emploi des professions à forte intensité de Gestion a augmenté dans les années 90 et que celle de l'emploi des professions à forte intensité de Client a augmenté entre 1983 et 2009, en particulier dans les années 2000. Les hommes et les femmes exercent des professions dont le contenu des tâches diffère. La première partie du chapitre 3 examine comment les différences dans la structure des professions contribuent aux écarts de salaires et à leurs changements dans le temps. En utilisant la méthode de décomposition de DiNardo, Fortin et Lemieux (1996) (DFL), le chapitre 3 montre qu'en 1983 et 2009, l'écart salarial aurait été plus grand si les travailleuses n'avaient pas été engagées de manière significative dans des tâches à forte intensité Mentale professions. De plus, la plus faible part de l'emploi de femmes occupant des emplois à forte intensité de Gestion chez les femmes contribute à l'écart de salaire entre les sexes. Les résultats montrent également que l'augmentation des parts d'emploi des femmes dans les professions à forte intensité Sociale, en particulier celles de Cliente, a eu un effet significatif sur la réduction de l'écart salarial entre 1983 et 2009. La deuxième partie de ce chapitre examine la contribution des différentes professions à inégalité des salaires chez les hommes et les femmes séparément. Les résultats montrent que, en particulier dans les années 2000, une partie de l'augmentation relative des salaires dans la tranche supérieure de la repartition des salaires chez les hommes s'explique par le fait que les hommes les mieux rémunérés occupant de plus de tâches à forte intensité Sociale; chez les femmes, cela était d à une augmentation des occupations à forte intensité Mentale. Le chapitre 4 analyse comment le contenu des tâches des professions variait au cours du cycle de vie et d'une cohorte à l'autre. Les résultats montrent que lorsque les jeunes travailleurs intègrent la population active, ils exercent principalement des activités à forte intensité Physique et Technique et commencent à diminuer leur part de l'emploi à mesure qu'ils vieillissent. En revanche, les jeunes travailleurs ont des parts d'emploi plus faibles dans les professions à forte intensité de tâches Sociales et surtout Mentales et augmentent leur part dans ces emplois à mesure qu'ils vieillissent. Ces tendances sont similaires pour toutes les cohortes. L'analyse des données probantes entre les cohortes montre que presque toutes les cohortes subséquentes ont accru leur part de l'emploi dans les professions à forte intensité Sociale

Investigation of Liraglutide Effects on Changes of Uterine Tissue and Estradiol and FSH Hormones in NMRI Mice

Background & aim: Liraglutide has used for treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes, which are main factors of infertility. Regarding that, uterus as the most important organ reproductive system is under vulnerable, particularly by chemical drugs, in this research the effects of Liraglutide on uterine tissue changes and Estradiol and FSH hormones in NMRI mice in In vivo condition has been investigated. Methods: This experimental study has been done on 28 adult female NMRI mice (8 to 12 weeks) that have been selected with body weight between 25 and 30 grams.&nbsp;Female mice were randomly divided into four groups (including 7 mice): control, sham and two experimental groups. Control mice received no treatment, experimental and sham groups were injected Liraglutide with 0.6 and 1.8 mg/kg density and solution for 30 days respectively. All injection were daily and subcutaneously. After 30 days injection, the mice were deeply anesthetized and in addition to blood sampling, mice&rsquo;s uterus was removed and the one-third of right middle part of the uterus has been investigated as tissue studies. Following histochemical staining, the samples were studied using light and transmission electron microcopies. The collected data were analyzed using one-way analyses (ANOVA) and Tukey test. Results: The results of using Liraglutide has been shown mice&rsquo;s weight of experimental groups (1 and 2), compared with sham and control groups, have marked decrease (p<0.01) and (p<0.001) respectively. Also, uterus&rsquo;s layers (from lumen until last layer) and lumen diameter, have marked decrease (p<0.05) and (p<0.01) respectively in experimental groups. In experimental group 2 thickness of the perimetrium has marked decrease (p<0.05), also Endometrium&rsquo;s thickness in experimental groups 1 and 2, compared with sham and control groups, has shown marked decrease (p<0.01) and (p<0.001) respectively. In addition the number of uterus glands have marked increased (p<0.05) and (p<0.05) in experimental groups 1 and 2 respectively and their diameters increased in two groups. Furthermore, the values of estradiol and FSH hormones have decreased and increased respectively.&nbsp; Conclusion: Treatment with Liraglutide associated with weight and uterine tissue&rsquo;s thickness reduction. According to endocrine disorders, which probably is caused due to the incretin structure of the drug, also estradiol decreasing that is a female hormone, reproductive age will be limited by using Liraglutide

The Effects of Plasma Treated Electrospun Nanofibrous Poly (ε-caprolactone) Scaffolds with Different Orientations on Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Proliferation

Objective: Assessments of cell reactions such as motility, orientation and activation to the topography of the substratum will assist with the fabrication of a proper implantable scaffold for future tissue engineering applications.The current challenge is to analyze the orientation effect of elecrospun nanofibers of poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL) on viability and proliferation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, we used the electrospinning method to fabricate nanofibrous PCL scaffolds. Chemical and mechanical characterizations were specified by the contact angle and tensile test. O2 plasma treatment was used to improve surface hydrophilicity. We used the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay to evaluate mESCs adhesion and proliferation before and after surface modification. The influence of the orientation of the nanofibers on mESCs growth was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) With differences considered statistically significant at p≤0.05. Results: The results showed that plasma treatment improved the hydrophilic property of PCL scaffolds. MTT assay showed a significant increase in proliferation of mESCs on plasma treated PCL (p-PCL) scaffolds compared to non-treated PCL (p≤0.05). However gelatin coated tissue culture plate (TCP) had a better effect in initial cell attachment after one day of cell seeding. There was more cell proliferation on day 3 in aligned plasma treated (AP) nanofibers compared to the TCP. SEM showed optical density of the cell colonies. Aligned nanofibrous scaffolds had larger colony sizes and spread more than random nanofibrous scaffolds. Conclusion: This study showed that plasma treating of scaffolds was a more suitable substrate for growth and cell attachment. In addition, aligned nanofibrous scaffolds highly supported the proliferation and spreading of mESCs when compared to random nanofibrous scaffolds and TCP

Sensitivitas dan Spesifisitas Pewarnaan Giemsa dalam Mendeteksi Protozoa Usus pada Penderita HIV

Protozoa usus merupakan parasit yang dapat menyebabkan masalah kesehatan seperti diare, nyeri perut, mual, muntah bahkan sampai menyebabkan kematian jika tidak ditangani dengan baik. Peningkatan kejadian infeksi protozoa usus berhubungan dengan status imunitas seseorang yang rendah khususnya penderita HIV. Hal ini berkaitan dengan infeksi protozoa usus oportunistik seperti Cryptosporidium spp. dan Cyclospora spp. Identifikasi struktur protozoa usus memerlukan pemeriksaan mikroskopis feses melalui metode pewarnaan. Pewarnaan Trichrome menjadi sangat penting untuk diagnosa infeksi protozoa usus namun prosedur pewarnaan Trichrome cukup kompleks dan memakan waktu yang lama sehingga diperlukan metode pewarnaan yang mudah dilakukan, murah dan accessible. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji tingkat sensitivitas dan spesifisitas pewarnaan Giemsa dibandingkan dengan pewarnaan Trichrome dalam mendeteksi infeksi protozoa usus pada orang yang normal (asimtomatis) dan penderita HIV. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah obervasional analitik untuk mengetahui sensitivitas dan spesifisitas pewarnaan Giemsa dibandingkan pewarnaan Trichrome dengan desain studi cross sectional. Pengambilan sampel diambil sesuai kriteria inklusi yaitu sukarelawan sehat, pasien HIV dalam terapi dan pasien HIV naif yang berobat ke RSUD dr. Saiful Anwar Malang dengan total keseluruhan sampel sebanyak 85. Data hasil deteksi protozoa usus diperoleh dari pemeriksaan secara mikroskopis metode pewarnaan Giemsa dan Trichrome. Uji sensitivitas dan spesifisitas pewarnaan Giemsa dilakukan menggunakan tabel 2x2 lalu dibandingkan dengan pewarnaan Trichrome (gold standard). Hasil pada penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya perbedaan nilai sensitivitas dan spesifisitas antara pewarnaan Giemsa dengan pewarnaan Trichrome. Pada pewarnaan Giemsa memiliki sensitivitas 30,25% dan spesifisitas 64,28% jika dibandingkan dengan Trichrome. Selain itu didapatkan adanya hubungan yang signifikan antara status HIV dengan kejadian infeksi protozoa usus yang ditunjukkan dengan odds ratio lebih dari 1 yaitu 1,35 pada pewarnaan Giemsa dan 3,12 pada pewarnaan Trichrome