Uwagi o rosyjskim paragradancie "skoree"

The author undertakes to analyse semantic and syntactic functions of Russian comparative CKopee on the basis of the theory of gradants and paragradants formulated by Polish linguists. The analysis of linguistic material coming from Russian belles-lettres allows one to conclude that on the one hand cxopee functions a comparative from of adjective and adverb (acopbtu, cKopo) and on the other hand it is used in standerd comparative constructions, in which it loses its lexical affinity to the gradable word and expesses a degree of intensity of a feature and certain modal meanings connected with emotional and intellectual reactions of the speaker. First it expresses volitional initiative of the speaker and the whole utterance conveys a meaning of preference (I'd rather; I would prefer; it would be better to). Secondly, in the contexts in which CKopee is used there can be noticed subjective commentary and evaluation or modification of credibility of a proposition (it is probable that...; it seems that...; strictly speaking). Finally in the contexts with the phrase acopee ecezo there is expressed a critical evaluation of cognitive acts and recognising a proposition as a highly probable one (the probability of truth comes close to absolute certainty)

Anaphylaxis in Elderly Patients—Data From the European Anaphylaxis Registry

Background: Elicitors and symptoms of anaphylaxis are age dependent. However, little is known about typical features of anaphylaxis in patients aged 65 years or more.Methods: The data from the Network for Online Registration of Anaphylaxis (NORA) considering patients aged ≥65 (elderly) in comparison to data from adults (18–64 years) regarding elicitors, symptoms, comorbidities, and treatment measures were analyzed.Results: We identified 1,123 elderly anaphylactic patients. Insect venoms were the most frequent elicitor in this group (p < 0.001), followed by drugs like analgesics and antibiotics. Food allergens elicited less frequently anaphylaxis (p < 0.001). Skin symptoms occurred less frequently in elderly patients (77%, p < 0.001). The clinical symptoms were more severe in the elderly (51% experiencing grade III/IV reactions), in particular when skin symptoms (p < 0.001) were absent. Most strikingly, a loss of consciousness (33%, p < 0.001) and preexisting cardiovascular comorbidity (59%, p < 0.001) were more prevalent in the elderly. Finally, adrenaline was used in 30% of the elderly (vs. 26% in the comparator group, p < 0.001) and hospitalization was more often required (60 vs. 50%, p < 0.001).Discussion and Conclusion: Anaphylaxis in the elderly is often caused by insect venoms and drugs. These patients suffer more often from cardiovascular symptoms, receive more frequently adrenaline and require more often hospitalization. The data indicate that anaphylaxis in the elderly tends to be more frequently life threatening and patients require intensified medical intervention. The data support the need to recognize anaphylaxis in this patient group, which is prone to be at a higher risk for a fatal outcome

Phenotype and risk factors of venom-induced anaphylaxis: A case-control study of the European Anaphylaxis Registry

Background: Venom-induced anaphylaxis (VIA) is a common, potentially life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction associated with (1) a specific symptom profile, 2) specific cofactors, and 3) specific management. Identifying the differences in phenotypes of anaphylaxis is crucial for future management guidelines and development of a personalized medicine approach. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the phenotype and risk factors of VIA. Methods: Using data from the European Anaphylaxis Registry (12,874 cases), we identified 3,612 patients with VIA and analyzed their cases in comparison with sex- and age-matched anaphylaxis cases triggered by other elicitors (non-VIA cases [n = 3,605]). Results: VIA more frequently involved more than 3 organ systems and was associated with cardiovascular symptoms. The absence of skin symptoms during anaphylaxis was correlated with baseline serum tryptase level and was associated with an increased risk of a severe reaction. Intramuscular or intravenous epinephrine was administered significantly less often in VIA, in particular, in patients without a history of anaphylaxis. A baseline serum tryptase level within the upper normal range (8-11.5 ng/mL) was more frequently associated with severe anaphylaxis. Conclusion: Using a large cohort of VIA cases, we have validated that patients with intermediate baseline serum tryptase levels (8-11 ng/mL) and without skin involvement have a higher risk of severe VIA. Patients receiving β-blockers or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors had a higher risk of developing severe cardiovascular symptoms (including cardiac arrest) in VIA and non-VIA cases. Patients experiencing VIA received epinephrine less frequently than did cases with non-VIA

Anaphylaxis in Elderly Patients-Data From the European Anaphylaxis Registry

Background: Elicitors and symptoms of anaphylaxis are age dependent. However, little is known about typical features of anaphylaxis in patients aged 65 years or more. Methods: The data from the Network for Online Registration of Anaphylaxis (NORA) considering patients aged ≥65 (elderly) in comparison to data from adults (18–64 years) regarding elicitors, symptoms, comorbidities, and treatment measures were analyzed. Results: We identified 1,123 elderly anaphylactic patients. Insect venoms were the most frequent elicitor in this group (p < 0.001), followed by drugs like analgesics and antibiotics. Food allergens elicited less frequently anaphylaxis (p < 0.001). Skin symptoms occurred less frequently in elderly patients (77%, p < 0.001). The clinical symptoms were more severe in the elderly (51% experiencing grade III/IV reactions), in particular when skin symptoms (p < 0.001) were absent. Most strikingly, a loss of consciousness (33%, p < 0.001) and preexisting cardiovascular comorbidity (59%, p < 0.001) were more prevalent in the elderly. Finally, adrenaline was used in 30% of the elderly (vs. 26% in the comparator group, p < 0.001) and hospitalization was more often required (60 vs. 50%, p < 0.001). Discussion and Conclusion: Anaphylaxis in the elderly is often caused by insect venoms and drugs. These patients suffer more often from cardiovascular symptoms, receive more frequently adrenaline and require more often hospitalization. The data indicate that anaphylaxis in the elderly tends to be more frequently life threatening and patients require intensified medical intervention. The data support the need to recognize anaphylaxis in this patient group, which is prone to be at a higher risk for a fatal outcome

Factors increasing the risk for a severe reaction in anaphylaxis: An analysis of data from The European Anaphylaxis Registry

none23siPreventive measures to decrease the frequency and intensity of anaphylactic events are essential to provide optimal care for allergic patients. Aggravating factors may trigger or increase the severity of anaphylaxis and therefore need to be recognized and avoided.restrictedWorm, M; Francuzik, W; Renaudin, J-M; Bilo, M B; Cardona, V; Scherer Hofmeier, K; Köhli, A; Bauer, A; Christoff, G; Cichocka-Jarosz, E; Hawranek, T; Hourihane, J O 'b; Lange, L; Mahler, V; Muraro, A; Papadopoulos, N G; Pföhler, C; Poziomkowska-Gęsicka, I; Ruëff, F; Spindler, T; Treudler, R; Fernandez-Rivas, M; Dölle, SWorm, M; Francuzik, W; Renaudin, J-M; Bilo, M B; Cardona, V; Scherer Hofmeier, K; Köhli, A; Bauer, A; Christoff, G; Cichocka-Jarosz, E; Hawranek, T; Hourihane, J O 'b; Lange, L; Mahler, V; Muraro, A; Papadopoulos, N G; Pföhler, C; Poziomkowska-Gęsicka, I; Ruëff, F; Spindler, T; Treudler, R; Fernandez-Rivas, M; Dölle,

beta-blockers and ACE inhibitors are not a risk factor for severe systemic sting reactions and adverse events during venom immunotherapy

Background There is controversy whether taking beta-blockers or ACE inhibitors (ACEI) is a risk factor for more severe systemic insect sting reactions (SSR) and whether it increases the number or severity of adverse events (AE) during venom immunotherapy (VIT)

Factors influencing the severity of anaphylaxis

This dataset contains clinical symptoms of anaphylaxis, the Ring and Messmer as well as NIAID/FAAN severity grading systems scores for each case, and potentially clinically relevant co-factors of hypersensitivity reactions