The Incidence of a U.S. Carbon Tax: A Lifetime and Regional Analysis

This paper measures the direct and indirect incidence of a carbon tax using current income and two measures of lifetime income to rank households. OUr results suggest that carbon taxes are more regressive when annual income is used as a measure of economic welfare that when proxies for lifetime income are used. Further, the direct component of the tax, in any given year, is significantly more regressive than the indirect component. In fact, for 1987, the indirect component of the tax is mildly progressive. We observe a modest shift over time with the direct component of carbon taxes becoming less regressive and the indirect component becoming more regressive. These effects mostly offset each other and the distribution of the total tax burden has not changed much over time. In addition we find that regional variation has fluctuated over the years of our analysis. By 2003 there is little systematic variation in carbon tax burdens across regions of the country.

Penyakit Jamur dan Tingkat Kerusakan pada Tanaman Seledri (Apium Graveolens L.) di Desa Serang Kecamatan Karangreja Kabupaten Purbalingga

Tanaman seledri (Apium graveolens L.) adalah salah satu sayuran daun yang memiliki banyak manfaat, antara lain dapat digunakan sebagai pelengkap masakan dan memiliki khasiat obat. Seledri adalah tanaman sayur dari familia Apiaceae yang merupakan tanaman herba yang memiliki akar tunggang, tepi daun bergerigi dan batangnya pendek. Daun seledri memiliki aroma yang khas, daun seledri juga mengandung protein, belerang, kalsium, besi, fosfor, vitamin A, B1 dan C, serta psoralen yang merupakan zat kimia yang dapat menghancurkan radikal bebas penyebab penyakit kanker. Kebutuhan seledri semakin meningkat dalam upaya peningkatan terhambat oleh adanya serangan hama dan penyakit. Salah satu hambatan petani di Desa Serang, Kecamatan Karangreja, Kabupaten Purbalingga yaitu adanya penyakit yang disebabkan oleh jamur, sehingga pengendalian perlu dilakukan dalam rangka untuk meningkatkan produktivitas tanaman seledri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui jenis penyakit dan jamur penyebab penyakit, serta besar persentase penyakit yang disebabkan oleh jamur pada tanaman seledri di Desa Serang. Penelitian ini mendapatkan hasil yaitu terdapat bercak daun Septoria sp. dan bercak daun Cercospora sp pada tanaman seledri. Bercak daun yang paling banyak muncul yaitu Cercospora sp. dengan hasil frekuensi 195 kali dan persentase penyakit sebesar 52,98%

Argumentación durante el aprendizaje en la nomenclatura química de óxidos

Este artículo describe el proceso y avance argumentativo de estudiantes de básica secundaria según los niveles propuestos por Toulmin (2007) con relación al concepto de oxidación de 8 estudiantes del grado décimo de la Institución Educativa San Juan Bosco (Caicedo Antioquia ) y 10 estudiantes de la Institución Educativa Rural Técnica la Herradura (Armenia Antioquia). acogió un enfoque de investigación cualitativa de corte descriptiva teniendo en cuenta que las observaciones se hicieron en ambientes naturales y no extraídos de datos estadísticos, identificó la categoría central argumentación y la subcategoría los niveles argumentativos analizados a través de la matriz de argumentos de Toulmin (MAT). Los instrumentos utilizados para el análisis fueron lápiz y papel ya que permitió la recopilación de las declaraciones escritas de los estudiantes, frente a cada una de las preguntas y situaciones que se le plantearon, se diseñó una secuencia didáctica de 4 actividades: instrumento de ideas previas inicial el cual contenía preguntas abiertas acerca de la observación de fenómenos, un laboratorio de oxidación de metal y oxidación de frutas que permitieron la experimentación y la habilitación de espacios reflexivos y por último la aplicación del instrumento de ideas previas inicial. Esto permitió observar que los estudiantes inicialmente estaban en la capacidad de hacer afirmaciones y dar explicaciones sin fundamentos teóricos, pero al finalizar las actividades generaron los espacios reflexivos y contextualización de los conceptos previos, alcanzaron a dar explicaciones con respaldos teóricos lo que indicó la transformación del concepto de oxidación y el avance en niveles argumentativos reflejando un aprendizaje profundo.This article describes the process and argumentative progress of secondary school students according to the levels proposed by Toulmin (2007) in relation to the oxidation concept of 8 students of the tenth grade of the San Juan Bosco Educational Institution (Caicedo Antioquia) and 10 students of the La Herradura Technical Rural Educational Institution (Armenia Antioquia). A qualitative research approach was adopted, taking into account that the observations were made in natural environments and not extracted from statistical data, identified the central argumentation category and the subcategory the argumentative levels analyzed through the matrix of arguments of Toulmin (MAT ). The instruments used for the analysis were pencil and paper since it allowed the compilation of the written statements of the students, in front of each one of the questions and situations that were posed, a didactic sequence of 4 activities was designed: instrument of previous ideas initial which contained open questions about the observation of phenomena, a laboratory of oxidation of metal and oxidation of fruits that allowed the experimentation and the qualification of reflexive spaces and finally the application of the instrument of initial previous ideas. This allowed us to observe that the students initially were able to make statements and give explanations without theoretical foundations but at the end of the activities they generated the reflective spaces and contextualization of the previous concepts, they managed to give explanations with theoretical backing which indicated the transformation of the concept of oxidation and the advance in argumentative levels reflecting a deep learning

Sophia Academy Roof Garden

Concept: The Bay Taking inspiration from the water around Rhode Island, washed wood decking appears as water with the surrounding plants as the shore. Includes pergola, gathering spaces and vegetable garden

Folate Deficiency Is Spatially Dependent and Associated with Local Farming Systems among Women in Ethiopia

Background: Folate is essential for the synthesis and integrity of DNA, normal cell formation, and body growth. Folate deficiency among women of reproductive age (WRA) increases the risk of poor birth outcomes including neural tube defect (NTD)-affected pregnancies. Folate status is largely dependent on dietary intakes. Objectives: We aimed to explore the spatial distribution of biomarkers of folate status and their association with farming systems among nonpregnant WRA in Ethiopia. Methods: Serum and RBC folate concentration data were derived from the Ethiopia National Micronutrient Survey of 2015. The spatial dependencies of folate concentration of WRA were investigated and its relation with the dominant local farming system was explored. Results: The median serum folate and RBC folate concentrations were 12.3 nmol/L and 567.3 nmol/L, respectively. The national prevalence of folate deficiency using homocysteine concentration as a metabolic indicator based on serum and RBC folate concentration was 11.6% and 5.7%, respectively. The majority of women (77.9%) had low RBC folate concentrations consistent with increased risk of NTD-affected pregnancies. Folate nutrition was spatially dependent at distances of ≤ 300 km. A marked variability in folate concentration was observed between farming systems: greater RBC folate concentration (median: 1036 nmol/L) was found among women from the Lake Tana fish-based system, whereas the lowest RBC folate concentration (median: 386.7 nmol/L) was observed in the highland sorghum chat mixed system. Conclusions: The majority (78%) of WRA in Ethiopia had low folate status potentially increasing the risk of NTD-affected pregnancies. These findings may help national and subnational nutrition intervention strategies to target the most affected areas in the country

The effect of debt tax benefits on firm investment decisions

In this paper we question the idea that the deduction of debt interest is always an effective policy instrument to spur firm investment. We analyze the investment decision in presence of a borrowing constraint on the amount of the debt that the firm can raise. We show that if the debt interest rate is decreasing in the firm capital accumulation and it is available another financial resource more expensive than debt (at least for levels of debt lower than the upper bound), then the deduction of the debt interest from taxes on capital income may reduce firm investment. This theoretical result should be considered when financial intermediaries are not willing to finance beyond a certain threshold but firms have access to other sources of finance

Multivariable regression analysis of febrile neutropenia occurrence in early breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy assessing patient-related, chemotherapy-related and genetic risk factors.

BACKGROUND: Febrile neutropenia (FN) is common in breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Risk factors for FN have been reported, but risk models that include genetic variability have yet to be described. This study aimed to evaluate the predictive value of patient-related, chemotherapy-related, and genetic risk factors. METHODS: Data from consecutive breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy with 4-6 cycles of fluorouracil, epirubicin, and cyclophosphamide (FEC) or three cycles of FEC and docetaxel were retrospectively recorded. Multivariable logistic regression was carried out to assess risk of FN during FEC chemotherapy cycles. RESULTS: Overall, 166 (16.7%) out of 994 patients developed FN. Significant risk factors for FN in any cycle and the first cycle were lower platelet count (OR = 0.78 [0.65; 0.93]) and haemoglobin (OR = 0.81 [0.67; 0.98]) and homozygous carriers of the rs4148350 variant T-allele (OR = 6.7 [1.04; 43.17]) in MRP1. Other significant factors for FN in any cycle were higher alanine aminotransferase (OR = 1.02 [1.01; 1.03]), carriers of the rs246221 variant C-allele (OR = 2.0 [1.03; 3.86]) in MRP1 and the rs351855 variant C-allele (OR = 2.48 [1.13; 5.44]) in FGFR4. Lower height (OR = 0.62 [0.41; 0.92]) increased risk of FN in the first cycle. CONCLUSIONS: Both established clinical risk factors and genetic factors predicted FN in breast cancer patients. Prediction was improved by adding genetic information but overall remained limited. Internal validity was satisfactory. Further independent validation is required to confirm these findings

Are physical symptoms among survivors of a disaster presented to the general practitioner? A comparison between self-reports and GP data

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Most studies examining medically unexplained symptoms (MUS) have been performed in primary or secondary care and have examined symptoms for which patients sought medical attention. Disasters are often described as precipitating factors for MUS. However, health consequences of disasters are typically measured by means of questionnaires, and it is not known whether these self-reported physical symptoms are presented to the GP. It is also not known if the self-reported symptoms are related to a medical disorder or if they remain medically unexplained. In the present study, three research questions were addressed. Firstly, were self-reported symptoms among survivors presented to the GP? Secondly, were the symptoms presented to the GP associated with a high level of functional impairment and distress? Thirdly, what was the GP's clinical judgment of the presented symptoms, i.e. were the symptoms related to a medical diagnosis or could they be labeled MUS?</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Survivors of a man-made disaster (N = 887) completed a questionnaire 3 weeks (T1) and 18 months (T2) post-disaster. This longitudinal health survey was combined with an ongoing surveillance program of health problems registered by GPs.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The majority of self-reported symptoms was not presented to the GP and survivors were most likely to present persistent symptoms to the GP. For example, survivors with stomachache at both T1 and T2 were more likely to report stomachache to their GP (28%) than survivors with stomachache at only T1 (6%) or only T2 (13%). Presentation of individual symptoms to the GP was not consistently associated with functional impairment and distress. 56 – 91% of symptoms were labeled as MUS after clinical examination.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>These results indicate that the majority of self-reported symptoms among survivors of a disaster are not presented to the GP and that the decision to consult with a GP for an individual symptom is not dependent on the level of impairment and distress. Also, self-reported physical symptoms such as headache, back pain and shortness of breath are likely to remain medically unexplained after the clinical judgment of a GP.</p