Finnische Bezeichnungen für ‚junger Mann‘ im Roman Miehen tie von F. E. Sillanpää und ihre Entsprechungen in der deutschen, französischen und schwedischen Übersetzung. Ein semantischer Übersetzungsvergleich in Bezug auf die Äquivalenz

Tässä tutkielmassa tutkitaan synonyymisten sanojen käännöksiä perusmerkityksien eli denotaatioiden ja sivumerkityksien eli konnotaatioiden avulla. Materiaalina käytetään F. E. Sillanpään romaanin Miehen tie (1932) ensimmäistä lukua, jossa nuorta miestä tarkoittavia synonyymisiä sanoja esiintyy runsaasti, sekä romaanin saksannosta Eines Mannes Weg (1967), ranskannosta Paavo (1946) ja ruotsinnosta En mans väg (1954). Tavoitteena on selvittää, ovatko suomenkieliset sanat ja niiden käännökset synonyymejä keskenään, eli ovatko sanojen perus- ja sivumerkitykset yhtenevät. Tästä analyysistä johdetaan vertailu käännöksien kesken ja arvioidaan käännöksien ekvivalenttiaste, eli kuinka hyvin käännöksien merkitykset vastaavat alkuperäisten sanojen merkityksiä. Suomenkielisten sanojen ja niiden käännöksien denotaatiot ja konnotaatiot määritellään yksikielisten sanakirjojen avulla. Määrittelyssä käytetään vanhempia sanakirjoja, koska alkuperäisteos on ilmestynyt 1930-luvulla ja analyysissä otetaan huomioon sen aikaiset sanojen merkitykset. Alkuoletuksena on, että kääntäjät ovat pyrkineet säilyttämään joko sanojen denotaatiot tai konnotaatiot muuttumattomina. Analyysin tulos tukee oletusta. Suomenkielisten sanojen ja niiden käännösten perusmerkitykset tai sivumerkitykset ovat useimmissa tapauksissa säilyneet muuttumattomina. Jos näin ei ole, ovat perusmerkitykset kuitenkin osittain yhteneväiset. Näissä tapauksissa kuvaa sekä suomenkielinen sana että sen käännös useimmiten miespuolista henkilöä. Kääntäjien ratkaisujen ekvivalenttiasteen vertailu tutkimuksessa käytetyn materiaalin pohjalta paljastaa, että denotaatiot ja konnotaatiot ovat kääntäjien sanavalintojen taustalla. Saksannoksessa ja ruotsinnoksessa kääntäjät ovat suosineet perusmerkityksien pitämistä muuttumattomana, kun taas ranskannoksessa sivumerkitykset ovat olleet kääntäjälle tärkeämmässä asemassa.fi=Opinnäytetyö kokotekstinä PDF-muodossa.|en=Thesis fulltext in PDF format.|sv=Lärdomsprov tillgängligt som fulltext i PDF-format

The critical view of safety and bile duct injuries in laparoscopic cholecystectomy : a photo evaluation study on 1532 patients

Background: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LCC) carries a 0.3-1.8% risk of bile duct injury (BDI). This study investigated if intraoperative photo documentation of the critical view of safety (CVS) is related to lower rates of BDIs and postoperative complications in LCC. Methods: Surgeons were instructed to take photos of the view before clipping the cystic duct and artery. Two independent raters scored the photos 0-6 using predefined criteria for CVS. Mean scores of >= 4.5 were satisfactory. Results: The study consisted of 1532 patients undergoing LCC between April 2018 and October 2019. CVS was satisfactory in 354 (23.1%), unsatisfactory in 823 (53.7%), and photos were missing in 355 (23.2%) patients. Patients with satisfactory CVS had the lowest BDI rate compared with unsatisfactory CVS or missing photos (0.3% vs. 1.0% vs. 2.3%, p = 0.012). Four major BDIs (Strasberg D-E) occurred, but none in patients with satisfactory CVS. Patients with satisfactory CVS had the lowest postoperative complication rate compared with patients with unsatisfactory CVS or without photos (4.8% vs. 7.9 vs. 9.9%, p = 0.011). Of patients with acute cholecystitis, 15.7% had satisfactory CVS, whereas 26.8% without cholecystitis had satisfactory CVS (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Intraoperative photo documentation of satisfactory CVS is associated with lower rates of BDIs and complications.Peer reviewe

Consumption of snacks and dental caries among Finnish young men : a cross-sectional epidemiological study

The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of consumption of snack products, as well as the association between snacking and restorative treatment need, and associated factors among a healthy Finnish male population. Approximately 8500 conscripts answered a computer-based questionnaire covering their snacking habits and other health behaviours. Restorative treatment need and history (DT, DMFT) were examined by trained and calibrated dentists. Cross-tabulations were used to investigate the associations between snacking habits and the other researched variables, and logistic regression analyses (odds ratio and 95% confidence interval) were used to investigate the variables influencing the restorative treatment need. In the present study, almost one-third of the study group consumed snack products daily, most often fizzy and energy drinks. Only 10% had received a diet counselling. The most common situations involving snacking were at the cinema and while playing computer games. According to Pearson's Chi square test, snacking was associated with smoking and snuffing and infrequent tooth brushing (p <0.001). According to the regression analyses, daily snacking, smoking, and doing exercise daily increased the odds for restorative treatment need whereas higher education level and tooth brushing twice or more often per day decreased the odds for restorative treatment need. It can be concluded that daily snacking is common among Finnish young men and is associated with restorative treatment need. Snacking is also associated with other harmful oral and general health habits. Individual dietary counselling should be routinely offered to everybody in dental clinics.Peer reviewe

Utilization of in situ ELISA method for examining Trk receptor phosphorylation in cultured cells

Peer reviewe

Evaluating the climate and air quality impacts of short-lived pollutants

This paper presents a summary of the work done within the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme project ECLIPSE (Evaluating the Climate and Air Quality Impacts of Short-Lived Pollutants). ECLIPSE had a unique systematic concept for designing a realistic and effective mitigation scenario for short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs; methane, aerosols and ozone, and their precursor species) and quantifying its climate and air quality impacts, and this paper presents the results in the context of this overarching strategy. The first step in ECLIPSE was to create a new emission inventory based on current legislation (CLE) for the recent past and until 2050. Substantial progress compared to previous work was made by including previously unaccounted types of sources such as flaring of gas associated with oil production, and wick lamps. These emission data were used for present-day reference simulations with four advanced Earth system models (ESMs) and six chemistry transport models (CTMs). The model simulations were compared with a variety of ground-based and satellite observational data sets from Asia, Europe and the Arctic. It was found that the models still underestimate the measured seasonality of aerosols in the Arctic but to a lesser extent than in previous studies. Problems likely related to the emissions were identified for northern Russia and India, in particular. To estimate the climate impacts of SLCPs, ECLIPSE followed two paths of research: the first path calculated radiative forcing (RF) values for a large matrix of SLCP species emissions, for different seasons and regions independently. Based on these RF calculations, the Global Temperature change Potential metric for a time horizon of 20 years (GTP20) was calculated for each SLCP emission type. This climate metric was then used in an integrated assessment model to identify all emission mitigation measures with a beneficial air quality and short-term (20-year) climate impact. These measures together defined a SLCP mitigation (MIT) scenario. Compared to CLE, the MIT scenario would reduce global methane (CH4) and black carbon (BC) emissions by about 50 and 80 %, respectively. For CH4, measures on shale gas production, waste management and coal mines were most important. For non-CH4 SLCPs, elimination of high-emitting vehicles and wick lamps, as well as reducing emissions from gas flaring, coal and biomass stoves, agricultural waste, solvents and diesel engines were most important. These measures lead to large reductions in calculated surface concentrations of ozone and particulate matter. We estimate that in the EU, the loss of statistical life expectancy due to air pollution was 7.5 months in 2010, which will be reduced to 5.2 months by 2030 in the CLE scenario. The MIT scenario would reduce this value by another 0.9 to 4.3 months. Substantially larger reductions due to the mitigation are found for China (1.8 months) and India (11–12 months). The climate metrics cannot fully quantify the climate response. Therefore, a second research path was taken. Transient climate ensemble simulations with the four ESMs were run for the CLE and MIT scenarios, to determine the climate impacts of the mitigation. In these simulations, the CLE scenario resulted in a surface temperature increase of 0.70 ± 0.14 K between the years 2006 and 2050. For the decade 2041–2050, the warming was reduced by 0.22 ± 0.07 K in the MIT scenario, and this result was in almost exact agreement with the response calculated based on the emission metrics (reduced warming of 0.22 ± 0.09 K). The metrics calculations suggest that non-CH4 SLCPs contribute ~ 22 % to this response and CH4 78 %. This could not be fully confirmed by the transient simulations, which attributed about 90 % of the temperature response to CH4 reductions. Attribution of the observed temperature response to non-CH4 SLCP emission reductions and BC specifically is hampered in the transient simulations by small forcing and co-emitted species of the emission basket chosen. Nevertheless, an important conclusion is that our mitigation basket as a whole would lead to clear benefits for both air quality and climate. The climate response from BC reductions in our study is smaller than reported previously, possibly because our study is one of the first to use fully coupled climate models, where unforced variability and sea ice responses cause relatively strong temperature fluctuations that may counteract (and, thus, mask) the impacts of small emission reductions. The temperature responses to the mitigation were generally stronger over the continents than over the oceans, and with a warming reduction of 0.44 K (0.39–0.49) K the largest over the Arctic. Our calculations suggest particularly beneficial climate responses in southern Europe, where surface warming was reduced by about 0.3 K and precipitation rates were increased by about 15 (6–21) mm yr−1 (more than 4 % of total precipitation) from spring to autumn. Thus, the mitigation could help to alleviate expected future drought and water shortages in the Mediterranean area. We also report other important results of the ECLIPSE project

Peri-operative red blood cell transfusion in neonates and infants: NEonate and Children audiT of Anaesthesia pRactice IN Europe: A prospective European multicentre observational study

BACKGROUND: Little is known about current clinical practice concerning peri-operative red blood cell transfusion in neonates and small infants. Guidelines suggest transfusions based on haemoglobin thresholds ranging from 8.5 to 12 g dl-1, distinguishing between children from birth to day 7 (week 1), from day 8 to day 14 (week 2) or from day 15 (≥week 3) onwards. OBJECTIVE: To observe peri-operative red blood cell transfusion practice according to guidelines in relation to patient outcome. DESIGN: A multicentre observational study. SETTING: The NEonate-Children sTudy of Anaesthesia pRactice IN Europe (NECTARINE) trial recruited patients up to 60 weeks' postmenstrual age undergoing anaesthesia for surgical or diagnostic procedures from 165 centres in 31 European countries between March 2016 and January 2017. PATIENTS: The data included 5609 patients undergoing 6542 procedures. Inclusion criteria was a peri-operative red blood cell transfusion. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary endpoint was the haemoglobin level triggering a transfusion for neonates in week 1, week 2 and week 3. Secondary endpoints were transfusion volumes, 'delta haemoglobin' (preprocedure - transfusion-triggering) and 30-day and 90-day morbidity and mortality. RESULTS: Peri-operative red blood cell transfusions were recorded during 447 procedures (6.9%). The median haemoglobin levels triggering a transfusion were 9.6 [IQR 8.7 to 10.9] g dl-1 for neonates in week 1, 9.6 [7.7 to 10.4] g dl-1 in week 2 and 8.0 [7.3 to 9.0] g dl-1 in week 3. The median transfusion volume was 17.1 [11.1 to 26.4] ml kg-1 with a median delta haemoglobin of 1.8 [0.0 to 3.6] g dl-1. Thirty-day morbidity was 47.8% with an overall mortality of 11.3%. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicate lower transfusion-triggering haemoglobin thresholds in clinical practice than suggested by current guidelines. The high morbidity and mortality of this NECTARINE sub-cohort calls for investigative action and evidence-based guidelines addressing peri-operative red blood cell transfusions strategies. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT02350348

New insights into the genetic etiology of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias

Characterization of the genetic landscape of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementias (ADD) provides a unique opportunity for a better understanding of the associated pathophysiological processes. We performed a two-stage genome-wide association study totaling 111,326 clinically diagnosed/'proxy' AD cases and 677,663 controls. We found 75 risk loci, of which 42 were new at the time of analysis. Pathway enrichment analyses confirmed the involvement of amyloid/tau pathways and highlighted microglia implication. Gene prioritization in the new loci identified 31 genes that were suggestive of new genetically associated processes, including the tumor necrosis factor alpha pathway through the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex. We also built a new genetic risk score associated with the risk of future AD/dementia or progression from mild cognitive impairment to AD/dementia. The improvement in prediction led to a 1.6- to 1.9-fold increase in AD risk from the lowest to the highest decile, in addition to effects of age and the APOE ε4 allele

Kotihoito vanhustyön sydämenä : Härkätien kuntien vanhuspalvelut

Opinnäytetyön tarkoitus oli kartoittaa ikääntyneiden kokemuksia Härkätien kuntien nykyisistä kotiin vietävistä palveluista ja heidän toiveitaan siitä, miten palveluita kehitetään tulevaisuudessa. Tavoitteena oli saada tietoa kotiin vietävistä palveluista ikääntyneiden näkökulmasta, jotta kotiin vietäviä palveluita voidaan tulevaisuudessa kehittää. Opinnäytetyö kuului EAKR-rahoitteiseen Pumppu-hankkeeseen kuuluvaan TEHU-osahankkeeseen. TEHU-osahankkeen tarkoituksena oli kehittää alueellisia hyvinvointipalvelurakenteita kotihoidossa sekä tuotteistaa hyvinvointipalveluista uusia palvelukonsepteja ja -tuotteita. TEHU-osahanke jakaantui neljään osa-alueeseen, joista Kotihoito vanhustyön sydämenä -osa-alueeseen opinnäytetyö tehtiin. Tutkimusongelmiksi muodostuivat 1. Minkälaisia palveluita kuntien iäkkäät asukkaat käyttävät tällä hetkellä? 2. Miten iäkkäät kuntalaiset kokevat nykyiset palvelut? 3. Mitä iäkkäät kuntalaiset toivovat tulevaisuuden palveluilta? Tutkimus oli kvalitatiivinen tutkimus, joka toteutettiin haastattelemalla 10 iäkästä kotihoidon asiakasta. Asiakkaat olivat 75–97-vuotiaita, jotka vanhustyön johtaja ja kotihoidon esimiehet olivat valinneet. Haastattelut toteutettiin teemahaastatteluilla. Haastattelut nauhoitettiin ja litteroitiin. Aineisto analysoitiin sisällönanalyysillä. Litteroidusta aineistosta kerättiin tutkimusongelmiin liittyvät ilmaisut, jotka ryhmiteltiin aihealueittain. Asiakkaiden kokemuksia ja tulevaisuuden toiveita kuvaavat ilmaisut järjestettiin taulukoksi. Tutkimuksen tulosten perusteella suurin osa vastaajista koki tämänhetkiset palvelut hyviksi. Tutkimukseen haastatellut iäkkäät käyttivät kuntien palveluiden lisäksi sotaveteraani- ja invalidiliiton sekä SPR:n tarjoamia palveluita. Kuntien palveluista käytössä olivat kylvetys-, ateria-, sairaanhoito- ja kuljetuspalvelut. Muita käytössä olevia palveluita olivat siivous- ja ystäväpalvelu. Tulevaisuuden palveluilta toivottiin nykyistenkaltaisten palvelujen jatkuvuutta sekä hinnoittelun kohtuullisuutta. Tietotekniikkaa ei toivottu osaksi palveluja. Palveluista toivottiin enemmän ja kootumpaa tietoa.The purpose of the study was to gather information on aged inhabitants’ perspectives of Härkätie municipalities’ current home help services and their hopes of how the services are developed in the future. The aim was to get information about the home help services from the clients’ point of view, so that the services can be developed in the future. This bachelor’s thesis was part of TEHU-project, which was part of the Pumppu-project, financed by the European Regional Development Fund. The aim of the TEHU-project was to develop regional welfare service structures in home help services and productize new service concepts and products from welfare services. TEHU-project was divided into four sections and the bachelor’s thesis was made for the Home care as the heart of elderly care section. The research problems were consisted of 1. What kind of services do aged inhabitants of the municipalities use at the present moment? 2. How do aged inhabitants of the municipalities experience the current services? 3. What do aged inhabitants of the municipalities hope from the future services? The study was qualitative research, which was conducted by interviewing 10 home help service clients. They were 75 to 97 years old and they were selected by home help service managers and elderly care directors. The interviews were conducted by theme interview. The interviews were audio taped and transcribed. Data was analyzed with a content analysis. Expressions related to the research problems were collected from the transcribed data and they were grouped by subject. The clients’ perspectives and hopes were organized to a table. According to the results most of the respondents experienced the current services as good. In addition to services, interviewed aged respondents used services provided by the Finnish War Veterans Association, The Finnish Association of People with Physical Disabilities, and the Finnish Red Cross. The municipalities’ services, which the respondents used, were bathing, food, nursing, and transportation services. Cleaning and friend services were also in use. The hopes from the future services were that the current services would stay alike and that the prices would stay reasonable. Information technology wasn’t considered as an option in the future. Respondents hoped for information that was more easily available