114 research outputs found

    Conflicts of human land-use and conservation areas : the case of Asian elephants in rubber-dominated landscapes of Southeast Asia

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    Over the last decades, expanding rubber plantations in Southeast Asia have continuously diminished natural habitat, thereby increasing conflicts between human land-uses and nature conservation. The consequences are manifold, with short-term economic benefits for smallholder farmers and long-term costs for species diversity and ecosystem services (ESS). Sustainable wildlife populations are critical for ecosystem functioning but the ongoing habitat degradation and conflicts with people threaten the survival of larger mammal populations. This trend is particularly problematic if the respective species in decline are keystone species such as the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus), which holds important ecological functions in maintaining tree diversity. Continuous land-use transformations increase the importance of conservation efforts for biodiversity within the agricultural matrix. The major aim of this thesis work was to analyze the potential of rubber-dominated landscapes in sustaining wild mammal populations while considering the risk of conflicts due to wildlife damage as well as the ecological importance of mammals. As a first step, the literature on wild mammals in rubber and oil palm plantations was analyzed to provide an overview on species diversity found in these systems. Our review showed that species richness was highly reduced in the plantations compared to the forest and that most species in the farms were rather visitors than residents. For a detailed assessment of species richness and presence in rubber plantations, transect and camera trap surveys were conducted in the farm-forest transition zone of the Tai Rom Yen National Park in southern Thailand. Furthermore, farmers were interviewed on the kind and extent of wildlife damage. With 35 recorded wildlife species, the forest was found to hold the highest diversity while more than 70% of these mammals were still found at the forest edge. However, a strong decline of species diversity and presence was observed in the farmland. Crop damage by wildlife affected 40% of all interviewed farmers. In 85% of all rubber damage incidents, young trees were affected, which had not yet been tapped. Elephants were most frequently named as damage causing species. Nevertheless, damage to rubber occurred only in half of the elephant visits, indicating that this crop species was not particularly attractive to wildlife. To account not only for the costs inflicted through elephant damage but also for the ecological benefits elephants provide, the potential of these megaherbivores for seed dispersal was assessed as a crucial ecological function in forest ecosystems. Feeding experiments with elephants were conducted and germination success of ingested and fresh control seeds of a tree species with characteristic mega-faunal syndrome fruits (Dillenia indica L.) was monitored. Seeds ingested by elephants showed a significantly higher and earlier likelihood for germination compared to control seeds. The exemplary tree species in our experiments did not solely depend on but benefited from elephant consumption for germination. This highlights the risks of long-term negative implications for certain tree species and entire ecosystems if elephant and other large mammal populations further decline. Biodiversity is an integral component of ecosystem functioning and the provisioning of services. However, a challenge in the evaluation of ESS is the allowance for the many facets of biodiversity assessments. We therefore developed a methodology for including multiple levels of species diversity into an ESS evaluation model. Diversity data of animal groups and plants derived from our data collections and from literature were normalized using the most diverse habitat as benchmark. Through this approach we obtained a comparable habitat suitability matrix for different land-use systems, which was then applied to different land-use scenarios. The outcomes confirmed that a conservation focused scenario scored higher habitat suitability for all species as well as for threatened ones compared to two other scenarios with no or limited conservation measures. Increasing conflicts between human land-use and nature conservation as a result of shrinking resources pose imminent risks for the diversity and resilience of ecosystems. This thesis provides an assessment of the current state of and conflicts with wildlife diversity in rubber-dominated landscapes surrounding protected areas. The results of this thesis can serve as a basis for the development of measures to consolidate farming and conservation interests. Although intensively managed plantations cannot substitute for natural forests, efforts are required to conserve multiple levels of biodiversity within the farming landscape. High species diversity will maintain ecosystem functions and services sustainably, which both human and wildlife communities rely on for their long-term persistence.In den letzten Jahrzehnten wurde der Kautschukanbau in SĂŒdostasien kontinuierlich ausgeweitet, was zu zunehmenden Konflikten zwischen menschlicher Landnutzung und Naturschutz beigetragen hat. Die Konsequenzen sind vielfĂ€ltig und beinhalten sowohl wirtschaftliche Vorteile fĂŒr kleinbĂ€uerliche Betriebe als auch Kosten fĂŒr die Artenvielfalt. Wildtierpopulationen nehmen essenzielle Funktionen in Ökosystemen ein, doch die Zerstörung von natĂŒrlichem Lebensraum bedroht das Überleben vieler SĂ€ugetierpopulationen. Dies ist vor allem dann problematisch, wenn eine rĂŒcklĂ€ufige Art eine sogenannte SchlĂŒsselart ist, welche wichtige ökologische Aufgaben ĂŒbernimmt. Der asiatische Elefant (Elephas maximus) ist solch eine Art, die zur Erhaltung der Vegetationsvielfalt in natĂŒrlichen WĂ€ldern beitrĂ€gt. Als Folge des Landnutzungswandels wird der Schutz von wilden SĂ€ugetieren in der Agrarlandschaft immer wichtiger. Das Hauptziel dieser Arbeit war es, das Potenzial von kautschukdominierten Landschaften zum Erhalt von Wildtierpopulationen unter BerĂŒcksichtigung von Konfliktrisiken durch WildschĂ€den zu analysieren sowie die ökologische Bedeutung von wilden GroßsĂ€ugern zu untersuchen. In einem ersten Schritt wurde die Literatur zu wilden SĂ€ugetieren in Kautschuk- und Ölpalmplantagen ausgewertet. Dies zeigte, dass die Artenvielfalt in den Plantagen im Vergleich zum Wald stark reduziert war und dass die meisten Arten im Farmland eher Besucher statt Bewohner waren. Um diese Literaturergebnisse zu verifizieren und detailliertere Kenntnisse zur Artenvielfalt und -prĂ€senz in Kautschukplantagen zu erarbeiten wurden Untersuchungen in der Übergangszone zwischen Wald und NutzflĂ€che anhand sogenannter Transekte und Kamerafallen in und um den Tai Rom Yen Nationalpark in SĂŒdthailand durchgefĂŒhrt. Landwirte wurden zu dem Ausmaß von WildschĂ€den befragt. Mit insgesamt 35 dokumentierten Wildtierarten war der Wald am artenreichsten. WĂ€hrend immerhin noch mehr als 70% der Arten an der Waldgrenze gefunden wurden, war deren Anzahl und PrĂ€senz in der Nutzlandschaft stark reduziert. WildschĂ€den betrafen 40% aller befragten Landwirte. In 85% der FĂ€lle von KautschukschĂ€den waren junge, nicht gezapfte BĂ€ume betroffen. Elefanten wurden am hĂ€ufigsten als schadenverursachende Wildart genannt. Dennoch traten SchĂ€den an KautschukbĂ€umen nur in der HĂ€lfte der FĂ€lle auf, in denen Elefanten Plantagen aufsuchten. Daraus lĂ€sst sich ableiten, dass Kautschuk keine besonders attraktive Futterquelle darstellt. Elefanten liefern allerdings auch umfassende ökologische Nutzen. Um solche Vorteile zu berĂŒcksichtigen wurde das Potenzial der Tiere fĂŒr die Samenverbreitung als Beispiel fĂŒr wichtige ökologische Funktionen untersucht. HierfĂŒr wurden FĂŒtterungsexperimente durchgefĂŒhrt und der Keimerfolg verfĂŒtterter Samen der Baumart Dillenia indica L. und Kontrollsamen beobachtet. VerfĂŒtterte Samen wiesen eine signifikant höhere und frĂŒhere Keimwahrscheinlichkeit auf als die Kontrollsamen. Die exemplarische Baumart war nicht allein auf Elefanten fĂŒr die Keimung angewiesen, profitierte aber von dem Konsum durch die Tiere. Dies verdeutlicht die langfristigen Risiken fĂŒr bestimmte Baumarten und Ökosysteme, falls Elefantenpopulationen und andere Gruppen an GroßsĂ€ugern weiter abnehmen. BiodiversitĂ€t ist eine integrale Komponente in Ökosystemfunktionen und -dienstleistungen. Eine Herausforderung in der Evaluation dieser Services ist jedoch die BerĂŒcksichtigung der vielen Facetten von BiodiversitĂ€tsanalysen. Aus diesem Grund wurde eine Methode entwickelt um verschiedenste Ebenen der Artenvielfalt in ein Evaluationsmodel einzubeziehen. Daten zur Artenvielfalt verschiedener Tiergruppen und Pflanzen wurden normalisiert, mit dem jeweils artenreichsten Lebensraum als Referenz. Durch diesen Ansatz wurde eine vergleichbare Matrix zur Habitatseignung verschiedener Landnutzungssysteme geschaffen, welche wiederum auf zukĂŒnftige Szenarien angewandt werden konnte. Die Ergebnisse bestĂ€tigten, dass ein Naturschutz-Szenario eine höhere Eignung als Lebensraum erzielte als andere Szenarien ohne bzw. mit begrenzten Naturschutzkomponenten. Zunehmende Konflikte zwischen menschlicher Landnutzung und Naturschutz als Folge abnehmender Ressourcen stellen große Risiken fĂŒr die Vielfalt und StabilitĂ€t von Ökosystemen dar. Diese Dissertation liefert eine Analyse des derzeitigen Zustandes der Artenvielfalt von Wildtieren sowie der Mensch-Tier Konflikte in Kautschuk-Landschaften um Schutzgebiete. Die Ergebnisse können als Grundlage fĂŒr die Entwicklung von Maßnahmen dienen um landwirtschaftliche und ökologische Interessen zu vereinbaren. Obwohl Plantagen keine natĂŒrlichen WĂ€lder ersetzen können, bedarf es dennoch Anstrengungen um BiodiversitĂ€t auf landwirtschaftlichen NutzflĂ€chen zu erhalten. Eine hohe Artenvielfalt ermöglicht den nachhaltigen Schutz von Funktionen und Dienstleistungen von Ökosystemen, auf welche sowohl Menschen als auch Wildtiere langfristig angewiesen sind

    Conflicts of human land-use and conservation areas : the case of Asian elephants in rubber-dominated landscapes of Southeast Asia

    Get PDF
    Over the last decades, expanding rubber plantations in Southeast Asia have continuously diminished natural habitat, thereby increasing conflicts between human land-uses and nature conservation. The consequences are manifold, with short-term economic benefits for smallholder farmers and long-term costs for species diversity and ecosystem services (ESS). Sustainable wildlife populations are critical for ecosystem functioning but the ongoing habitat degradation and conflicts with people threaten the survival of larger mammal populations. This trend is particularly problematic if the respective species in decline are keystone species such as the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus), which holds important ecological functions in maintaining tree diversity. Continuous land-use transformations increase the importance of conservation efforts for biodiversity within the agricultural matrix. The major aim of this thesis work was to analyze the potential of rubber-dominated landscapes in sustaining wild mammal populations while considering the risk of conflicts due to wildlife damage as well as the ecological importance of mammals. As a first step, the literature on wild mammals in rubber and oil palm plantations was analyzed to provide an overview on species diversity found in these systems. Our review showed that species richness was highly reduced in the plantations compared to the forest and that most species in the farms were rather visitors than residents. For a detailed assessment of species richness and presence in rubber plantations, transect and camera trap surveys were conducted in the farm-forest transition zone of the Tai Rom Yen National Park in southern Thailand. Furthermore, farmers were interviewed on the kind and extent of wildlife damage. With 35 recorded wildlife species, the forest was found to hold the highest diversity while more than 70% of these mammals were still found at the forest edge. However, a strong decline of species diversity and presence was observed in the farmland. Crop damage by wildlife affected 40% of all interviewed farmers. In 85% of all rubber damage incidents, young trees were affected, which had not yet been tapped. Elephants were most frequently named as damage causing species. Nevertheless, damage to rubber occurred only in half of the elephant visits, indicating that this crop species was not particularly attractive to wildlife. To account not only for the costs inflicted through elephant damage but also for the ecological benefits elephants provide, the potential of these megaherbivores for seed dispersal was assessed as a crucial ecological function in forest ecosystems. Feeding experiments with elephants were conducted and germination success of ingested and fresh control seeds of a tree species with characteristic mega-faunal syndrome fruits (Dillenia indica L.) was monitored. Seeds ingested by elephants showed a significantly higher and earlier likelihood for germination compared to control seeds. The exemplary tree species in our experiments did not solely depend on but benefited from elephant consumption for germination. This highlights the risks of long-term negative implications for certain tree species and entire ecosystems if elephant and other large mammal populations further decline. Biodiversity is an integral component of ecosystem functioning and the provisioning of services. However, a challenge in the evaluation of ESS is the allowance for the many facets of biodiversity assessments. We therefore developed a methodology for including multiple levels of species diversity into an ESS evaluation model. Diversity data of animal groups and plants derived from our data collections and from literature were normalized using the most diverse habitat as benchmark. Through this approach we obtained a comparable habitat suitability matrix for different land-use systems, which was then applied to different land-use scenarios. The outcomes confirmed that a conservation focused scenario scored higher habitat suitability for all species as well as for threatened ones compared to two other scenarios with no or limited conservation measures. Increasing conflicts between human land-use and nature conservation as a result of shrinking resources pose imminent risks for the diversity and resilience of ecosystems. This thesis provides an assessment of the current state of and conflicts with wildlife diversity in rubber-dominated landscapes surrounding protected areas. The results of this thesis can serve as a basis for the development of measures to consolidate farming and conservation interests. Although intensively managed plantations cannot substitute for natural forests, efforts are required to conserve multiple levels of biodiversity within the farming landscape. High species diversity will maintain ecosystem functions and services sustainably, which both human and wildlife communities rely on for their long-term persistence.In den letzten Jahrzehnten wurde der Kautschukanbau in SĂŒdostasien kontinuierlich ausgeweitet, was zu zunehmenden Konflikten zwischen menschlicher Landnutzung und Naturschutz beigetragen hat. Die Konsequenzen sind vielfĂ€ltig und beinhalten sowohl wirtschaftliche Vorteile fĂŒr kleinbĂ€uerliche Betriebe als auch Kosten fĂŒr die Artenvielfalt. Wildtierpopulationen nehmen essenzielle Funktionen in Ökosystemen ein, doch die Zerstörung von natĂŒrlichem Lebensraum bedroht das Überleben vieler SĂ€ugetierpopulationen. Dies ist vor allem dann problematisch, wenn eine rĂŒcklĂ€ufige Art eine sogenannte SchlĂŒsselart ist, welche wichtige ökologische Aufgaben ĂŒbernimmt. Der asiatische Elefant (Elephas maximus) ist solch eine Art, die zur Erhaltung der Vegetationsvielfalt in natĂŒrlichen WĂ€ldern beitrĂ€gt. Als Folge des Landnutzungswandels wird der Schutz von wilden SĂ€ugetieren in der Agrarlandschaft immer wichtiger. Das Hauptziel dieser Arbeit war es, das Potenzial von kautschukdominierten Landschaften zum Erhalt von Wildtierpopulationen unter BerĂŒcksichtigung von Konfliktrisiken durch WildschĂ€den zu analysieren sowie die ökologische Bedeutung von wilden GroßsĂ€ugern zu untersuchen. In einem ersten Schritt wurde die Literatur zu wilden SĂ€ugetieren in Kautschuk- und Ölpalmplantagen ausgewertet. Dies zeigte, dass die Artenvielfalt in den Plantagen im Vergleich zum Wald stark reduziert war und dass die meisten Arten im Farmland eher Besucher statt Bewohner waren. Um diese Literaturergebnisse zu verifizieren und detailliertere Kenntnisse zur Artenvielfalt und -prĂ€senz in Kautschukplantagen zu erarbeiten wurden Untersuchungen in der Übergangszone zwischen Wald und NutzflĂ€che anhand sogenannter Transekte und Kamerafallen in und um den Tai Rom Yen Nationalpark in SĂŒdthailand durchgefĂŒhrt. Landwirte wurden zu dem Ausmaß von WildschĂ€den befragt. Mit insgesamt 35 dokumentierten Wildtierarten war der Wald am artenreichsten. WĂ€hrend immerhin noch mehr als 70% der Arten an der Waldgrenze gefunden wurden, war deren Anzahl und PrĂ€senz in der Nutzlandschaft stark reduziert. WildschĂ€den betrafen 40% aller befragten Landwirte. In 85% der FĂ€lle von KautschukschĂ€den waren junge, nicht gezapfte BĂ€ume betroffen. Elefanten wurden am hĂ€ufigsten als schadenverursachende Wildart genannt. Dennoch traten SchĂ€den an KautschukbĂ€umen nur in der HĂ€lfte der FĂ€lle auf, in denen Elefanten Plantagen aufsuchten. Daraus lĂ€sst sich ableiten, dass Kautschuk keine besonders attraktive Futterquelle darstellt. Elefanten liefern allerdings auch umfassende ökologische Nutzen. Um solche Vorteile zu berĂŒcksichtigen wurde das Potenzial der Tiere fĂŒr die Samenverbreitung als Beispiel fĂŒr wichtige ökologische Funktionen untersucht. HierfĂŒr wurden FĂŒtterungsexperimente durchgefĂŒhrt und der Keimerfolg verfĂŒtterter Samen der Baumart Dillenia indica L. und Kontrollsamen beobachtet. VerfĂŒtterte Samen wiesen eine signifikant höhere und frĂŒhere Keimwahrscheinlichkeit auf als die Kontrollsamen. Die exemplarische Baumart war nicht allein auf Elefanten fĂŒr die Keimung angewiesen, profitierte aber von dem Konsum durch die Tiere. Dies verdeutlicht die langfristigen Risiken fĂŒr bestimmte Baumarten und Ökosysteme, falls Elefantenpopulationen und andere Gruppen an GroßsĂ€ugern weiter abnehmen. BiodiversitĂ€t ist eine integrale Komponente in Ökosystemfunktionen und -dienstleistungen. Eine Herausforderung in der Evaluation dieser Services ist jedoch die BerĂŒcksichtigung der vielen Facetten von BiodiversitĂ€tsanalysen. Aus diesem Grund wurde eine Methode entwickelt um verschiedenste Ebenen der Artenvielfalt in ein Evaluationsmodel einzubeziehen. Daten zur Artenvielfalt verschiedener Tiergruppen und Pflanzen wurden normalisiert, mit dem jeweils artenreichsten Lebensraum als Referenz. Durch diesen Ansatz wurde eine vergleichbare Matrix zur Habitatseignung verschiedener Landnutzungssysteme geschaffen, welche wiederum auf zukĂŒnftige Szenarien angewandt werden konnte. Die Ergebnisse bestĂ€tigten, dass ein Naturschutz-Szenario eine höhere Eignung als Lebensraum erzielte als andere Szenarien ohne bzw. mit begrenzten Naturschutzkomponenten. Zunehmende Konflikte zwischen menschlicher Landnutzung und Naturschutz als Folge abnehmender Ressourcen stellen große Risiken fĂŒr die Vielfalt und StabilitĂ€t von Ökosystemen dar. Diese Dissertation liefert eine Analyse des derzeitigen Zustandes der Artenvielfalt von Wildtieren sowie der Mensch-Tier Konflikte in Kautschuk-Landschaften um Schutzgebiete. Die Ergebnisse können als Grundlage fĂŒr die Entwicklung von Maßnahmen dienen um landwirtschaftliche und ökologische Interessen zu vereinbaren. Obwohl Plantagen keine natĂŒrlichen WĂ€lder ersetzen können, bedarf es dennoch Anstrengungen um BiodiversitĂ€t auf landwirtschaftlichen NutzflĂ€chen zu erhalten. Eine hohe Artenvielfalt ermöglicht den nachhaltigen Schutz von Funktionen und Dienstleistungen von Ökosystemen, auf welche sowohl Menschen als auch Wildtiere langfristig angewiesen sind

    Mammalian wildlife diversity in rubber and oil palm plantations.

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    This research article published by CABI, 2016In the face of globally diminishing natural habitats in biodiversity-rich regions, agricultural landscapes around protected areas have increasingly gained importance as extended habitat for wildlife species. Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) and oil palm (Elais guineensis) plantations are two of the dominant land-use systems in Southeast Asia that have seen a tremendous expansion over the last decades. Despite far-reaching ecological consequences of these intensively cropped monocultures on natural ecosystems, relatively little is known about their utilization by wildlife populations. With this review we want to give an overview of mammalian diversity in rubber and oil palm plantations with reference to human-wildlife conflicts occurring as a result of overlapping resource use. We searched the literature for studies on wild mammalian diversity in rubber and oil palm plantations and found 17 publications. We considered 29 additional publications that provided information on single species in such plantations. We discuss the potential of 'wildlife-friendly' farming for mammalian assemblages in plantations and its importance in the case of rubber and oil palm production. Our review showed that most wild mammal species found in these plantations were likely to be visitors that use cultivated landscapes as fringe habitat but some adapted well to plantations and few even became resident. We conclude that although plantations in the tropics and subtropics cannot substitute for forests and the preservation of natural habitats is indispensable, the reality of ongoing forest degradation and transformation into plantations will make wildlife-friendly farming a key strategy in maintaining mammalian diversity, particularly in land-use matrices surrounding natural habitats

    Isolation and Monitoring of the Endohedral Metallofullerenes Y@C82 and Sc3@C82:On-Line Chromatographic Separation with EPR Detection

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    The direct coupling of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with on-line electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) detection is demonstrated for monitoring separations of endohedral metallofullerenes (M@C2n). The HPLC-EPR approach readily permits detection of the paramagnetic species, such as Y@C82 and Sc3@C82, in the presence of the dominant empty-cage fullerenes (C60, C70) and diamagnetic metallofullerenes (e.g., M2@C2n). The results indicate that on-line EPR provides a noninvasive, selective detector for HPLC metallofullerene separations that is readily adaptable to air-sensitive and/or labile compounds. Specifically, the “EPR-active” metallofullerenes, Y@C82 and Sc3@C82, are selectively monitored on-line for an initial separation of the metallofullerene fraction from the dominant empty-cage fullerenes utilizing a combination of polystyrene columns. This preparative “cleanup” procedure is followed by HPLC-EPR separation and monitoring of Y@C82 and Sc3@C82 species using a selective tripodal π-acidic-phase column (Trident-Tri-DNP) for the final stages of isolation

    Seed dispersal potential of Asian elephants

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    This research article published by Elsevier, 2016Elephants, the largest terrestrial mega-herbivores, play an important ecological role in maintaining forest ecosystem diversity. While several plant species strongly rely on African elephants (Loxodonta africana; L. cyclotis) as seed dispersers, little is known about the dispersal potential of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). We examined the effects of elephant fruit consumption on potential seed dispersal using the example of a tree species with mega-faunal characteristics, Dillenia indica L., in Thailand. We conducted feeding trials with Asian elephants to quantify seed survival and gut passage times (GPT). In total, 1200 ingested and non-ingested control seeds were planted in soil and in elephant dung to quantify differences in germination rates in terms of GPT and dung treatment. We used survival analysis as a novel approach to account for the right-censored nature of the data obtained from germination experiments. The average seed survival rate was 79% and the mean GPT was 35 h. The minimum and maximum GPT were 20 h and 72 h, respectively. Ingested seeds were significantly more likely to germinate and to do so earlier than non-ingested control seeds (P = 0.0002). Seeds with the longest GPT displayed the highest germination success over time. Unexpectedly, seeds planted with dung had longer germination times than those planted without. We conclude that D. indica does not solely depend on but benefits from dispersal by elephants. The declining numbers of these mega-faunal seed dispersers might, therefore, have long-term negative consequences for the recruitment and dispersal dynamics of populations of certain tree species

    Molecular excitation in the Interstellar Medium: recent advances in collisional, radiative and chemical processes

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    We review the different excitation processes in the interstellar mediumComment: Accepted in Chem. Re

    Prefrontal Cortex Glutamate Correlates with Mental Perspective-Taking

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    Background: Dysfunctions in theory of mind and empathic abilities have been suggested as core symptoms in major psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia and autism. Since self monitoring, perspective taking and empathy have been linked to prefrontal (PFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) function, neurotransmitter variations in these areas may account for normal and pathological variations of these functions. Converging evidence indicates an essential role of glutamatergic neurotransmission in psychiatric diseases with pronounced deficits in empathy. However, the role of the glutamate system for different dimensions of empathy has not been investigated so far. Methodology/Principal Findings: Absolute concentrations of cerebral glutamate in the ACC, left dorsolateral PFC and left hippocampus were determined by 3-tesla proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) in 17 healthy individuals. Three dimensions of empathy were estimated by a self-rating questionnaire, the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI). Linear regression analysis showed that dorsolateral PFC glutamate concentration was predicted by IRI factor ‘‘perspective taking’’ (T = 22.710, p = 0.018; adjusted alpha-level of 0.017, Bonferroni) but not by ‘‘empathic concern’ ’ or ‘‘personal distress’’. No significant relationship between IRI subscores and the glutamate levels in the ACC or left hippocampus was detected. Conclusions/Significance: This is the first study to investigate the role of the glutamate system for dimensions of theory of mind and empathy. Results are in line with recent concepts that executive top-down control of behavior is mediated b

    Genomic Ancestry of North Africans Supports Back-to-Africa Migrations

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    North African populations are distinct from sub-Saharan Africans based on cultural, linguistic, and phenotypic attributes; however, the time and the extent of genetic divergence between populations north and south of the Sahara remain poorly understood. Here, we interrogate the multilayered history of North Africa by characterizing the effect of hypothesized migrations from the Near East, Europe, and sub-Saharan Africa on current genetic diversity. We present dense, genome-wide SNP genotyping array data (730,000 sites) from seven North African populations, spanning from Egypt to Morocco, and one Spanish population. We identify a gradient of likely autochthonous Maghrebi ancestry that increases from east to west across northern Africa; this ancestry is likely derived from “back-to-Africa” gene flow more than 12,000 years ago (ya), prior to the Holocene. The indigenous North African ancestry is more frequent in populations with historical Berber ethnicity. In most North African populations we also see substantial shared ancestry with the Near East, and to a lesser extent sub-Saharan Africa and Europe. To estimate the time of migration from sub-Saharan populations into North Africa, we implement a maximum likelihood dating method based on the distribution of migrant tracts. In order to first identify migrant tracts, we assign local ancestry to haplotypes using a novel, principal component-based analysis of three ancestral populations. We estimate that a migration of western African origin into Morocco began about 40 generations ago (approximately 1,200 ya); a migration of individuals with Nilotic ancestry into Egypt occurred about 25 generations ago (approximately 750 ya). Our genomic data reveal an extraordinarily complex history of migrations, involving at least five ancestral populations, into North Africa
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