Lebenssituationen alter Menschen in der Stadt : Merkmale und Handlungsbedarf

No abstract availabl

Marital conflict strategies predict child abuse potential in Dutch families from low socioeconomic backgrounds

'Der Beitrag untersucht den Zusammenhang zwischen Partnerschaftskonflikten und dem Potential zur physischen Misshandlung von Eltern aus N=86 Unterschichtfamilien in den Niederlanden. 17% der Eltern erreichten eine Punktzahl auf Milner's Child Abuse Potential Inventory, die dessen obere 5% Grenze überschritt. Niedrigerer sozialökonomischer Status, relativ unangemessene eheliche Konfliktstrategien und weniger Ehekonflikte erklärten statistisch ein höheres Misshandlungspotential. Von allen Konfliktstrategien trugen physische Aggression gegenüber dem Partner, Konfliktvermeidung und eisiges Schweigen zur Erklärung des Zusammenhangs bei. Obwohl bessere Konfliktlösungen positiv korrelierten mit geringerem Misshandlungspotential konnten sie die Erklärungskraft der Konfliktstrategien nicht übertrumpfen. Wir gelangten zum Schluss, dass Konfliktverhalten in der Partnerschaft und die Neigung von Eltern zur physischen Misshandlung in derselben Inkompetenz im Umgang in intimen Beziehungen liegen kann.' (Autorenreferat)'We examined the association between marital conflict and child abuse potential in N=86 Dutch families from low socioeconomic backgrounds. The percentage of parents who exceeded the upper 5 percent cut-off score an Milner's Child Abuse Potential Inventory was 17%. It was found that lower socioeconomic status, relatively inadequate marital conflict strategies, and fewer marital conflicts predicted higher child abuse potential. In particular physical aggression towards the partner, avoidance of conflicts, and stonewalling contributed to increased child abuse potential. Although more positive marital conflict resolutions were associated with lower child abuse potential, they did not predict abuse potential beyond the contribution of conflict strategies. We suggested that child abuse may be one of many manifestations of difficulties in coping with the conflicts and problems that are intrinsic to close and affective relationships.' (author's abstract

Jugendliche in Ostdeutschland und in den Niederlanden - Familienstrukturen und moralisches Denken

"Im Rahmen des obigen Themas werden wir zwei Fragen behandeln. Zum einen geht es darum wie Adoleszenten ihre Familie wahrnehmen und wie sie über moralische Probleme denken. Zum andern soll untersucht werden, inwiefern bzw. ggf. welche Unterschiede zwischen Jugendlichen in Leipzig und Jugendlichen in den Niederlanden auszumachen sind. Die Mehrheit der Untersuchungen zum Thema Familienwahrnehmung Jugendlicher kommt zum Ergebnis, daß die meisten Jugendlichen ihre Familie als Lebenskontext positiv bewerten und mit ihren Eltern gut zurecht kommen. Zunachst ist also die Frage zu beantworten, inwiefern sich dieser Trend auch in unseren Untersuchungsergebnissen wiederfindet. Sodann ist die Frage zu behandeln, inwiefern zwischen der Familienwahrnehmung und dem moralischen Denken erwartete strukturelle Zusammenhänge festzustellen sind. In einem dritten Schritt ist zu untersuchen, ob die Befunde der Teiluntersuchungen (Ostdeutschland, Niederlande) sich bezüglich der Familienwahrnehmung Jugendlicher und dem moralischen Denken Jugendlicher bzw. in den Zusammenhangen zwischen Familienwahrnehmung und moralischem Denken unterscheiden. Geht man davon aus, daß die Veränderungen von der DDR zu den neuen Bundeslandern die Erfahrungen und den Alltag Jugendlicher und ihrer Familien verändert haben, so ist zu vermuten, daß die daran gekoppelten gruppenspezifischen Folgen in Differenzen zwischen den Jugendlichen in Ostdeutschland und in den Niederlanden zum Ausdruck kommen, die deutlicher sein dürften als die Differenzen zwischen Ost- und Westberliner Studenten (zu letzterem s. Krettenauer et al. 1994, s. a. De Mey/ Schulze/ Van Hekken l995). Sofern die Hypothese nicht verworfen kann, ist davon auszugehen, daß im Zuge der Umstrukturierung von Lebensbedingungen die familialen Sozialisationsbedingungen Jugendlicher zumindest zeitlich modifiziet werden." (Autorenreferat

Nanofasern als neuartige Träger für flüchtige Signalstoffe zur biotechnischen Regulierung von Schadinsekten im integrierten und ökologischen Landbau

Using nanofibers as dispensers for pheromones and kairomones in plant protection for disrupting insect chemical communication is a novel approach aiming at popularizing this technique in organic and integrated plant production. Expected advantages of the nanofibers are highly controlled spatiotemporal release rates of pheromones / kairomones, improved climatic stability, and mechanized application. Dispenser types used so far show deficiencies in one or more of these requirements. Mechanical application of pheromones is a new approach to reduce the costs of manual labour and therefore the environmentally compatible, highly specific and efficient technique of mating disruption may become an alternative to the use of synthetic pesticides in integrated pest management. The nanofibers are highly elastic, which prevents breakoff of smaller pieces, and polymers used are biocompatible. Due to the scale of nanofibers the mass input both for pheromones and for polymeric nanofibers is very low. Major environmental benefits are high control specificity, very low concentrations of residues and reduced risk of development towards insect resistance

Job stress and job satisfaction of physicians, radiographers, nurses and physicists working in radiotherapy: a multicenter analysis by the DEGRO Quality of Life Work Group

Background Ongoing changes in cancer care cause an increase in the complexity of cases which is characterized by modern treatment techniques and a higher demand for patient information about the underlying disease and therapeutic options. At the same time, the restructuring of health services and reduced funding have led to the downsizing of hospital care services. These trends strongly influence the workplace environment and are a potential source of stress and burnout among professionals working in radiotherapy. Methods and patients A postal survey was sent to members of the workgroup "Quality of Life" which is part of DEGRO (German Society for Radiooncology). Thus far, 11 departments have answered the survey. 406 (76.1%) out of 534 cancer care workers (23% physicians, 35% radiographers, 31% nurses, 11% physicists) from 8 university hospitals and 3 general hospitals completed the FBAS form (Stress Questionnaire of Physicians and Nurses; 42 items, 7 scales), and a self-designed questionnaire regarding work situation and one question on global job satisfaction. Furthermore, the participants could make voluntary suggestions about how to improve their situation. Results Nurses and physicians showed the highest level of job stress (total score 2.2 and 2.1). The greatest source of job stress (physicians, nurses and radiographers) stemmed from structural conditions (e.g. underpayment, ringing of the telephone) a "stress by compassion" (e.g. "long suffering of patients", "patients will be kept alive using all available resources against the conviction of staff"). In multivariate analyses professional group (p < 0.001), working night shifts (p = 0.001), age group (p = 0.012) and free time compensation (p = 0.024) gained significance for total FBAS score. Global job satisfaction was 4.1 on a 9-point scale (from 1 – very satisfied to 9 – not satisfied). Comparing the total stress scores of the hospitals and job groups we found significant differences in nurses (p = 0.005) and physicists (p = 0.042) and a borderline significance in physicians (p = 0.052). In multivariate analyses "professional group" (p = 0.006) and "vocational experience" (p = 0.036) were associated with job satisfaction (cancer care workers with < 2 years of vocational experience having a higher global job satisfaction). The total FBAS score correlated with job satisfaction (Spearman-Rho = 0.40; p < 0.001). Conclusion Current workplace environments have a negative impact on stress levels and the satisfaction of radiotherapy staff. Identification and removal of the above-mentioned critical points requires various changes which should lead to the reduction of stress

Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies five new susceptibility loci for cutaneous malignant melanoma.

Thirteen common susceptibility loci have been reproducibly associated with cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM). We report the results of an international 2-stage meta-analysis of CMM genome-wide association studies (GWAS). This meta-analysis combines 11 GWAS (5 previously unpublished) and a further three stage 2 data sets, totaling 15,990 CMM cases and 26,409 controls. Five loci not previously associated with CMM risk reached genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10(-8)), as did 2 previously reported but unreplicated loci and all 13 established loci. Newly associated SNPs fall within putative melanocyte regulatory elements, and bioinformatic and expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) data highlight candidate genes in the associated regions, including one involved in telomere biology.[Please see the Supplementary Note for acknowledgments.]This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from NPG via http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng.337

Albiglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (Harmony Outcomes): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial

Background: Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists differ in chemical structure, duration of action, and in their effects on clinical outcomes. The cardiovascular effects of once-weekly albiglutide in type 2 diabetes are unknown. We aimed to determine the safety and efficacy of albiglutide in preventing cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke. Methods: We did a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial in 610 sites across 28 countries. We randomly assigned patients aged 40 years and older with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (at a 1:1 ratio) to groups that either received a subcutaneous injection of albiglutide (30–50 mg, based on glycaemic response and tolerability) or of a matched volume of placebo once a week, in addition to their standard care. Investigators used an interactive voice or web response system to obtain treatment assignment, and patients and all study investigators were masked to their treatment allocation. We hypothesised that albiglutide would be non-inferior to placebo for the primary outcome of the first occurrence of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke, which was assessed in the intention-to-treat population. If non-inferiority was confirmed by an upper limit of the 95% CI for a hazard ratio of less than 1·30, closed testing for superiority was prespecified. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02465515. Findings: Patients were screened between July 1, 2015, and Nov 24, 2016. 10 793 patients were screened and 9463 participants were enrolled and randomly assigned to groups: 4731 patients were assigned to receive albiglutide and 4732 patients to receive placebo. On Nov 8, 2017, it was determined that 611 primary endpoints and a median follow-up of at least 1·5 years had accrued, and participants returned for a final visit and discontinuation from study treatment; the last patient visit was on March 12, 2018. These 9463 patients, the intention-to-treat population, were evaluated for a median duration of 1·6 years and were assessed for the primary outcome. The primary composite outcome occurred in 338 (7%) of 4731 patients at an incidence rate of 4·6 events per 100 person-years in the albiglutide group and in 428 (9%) of 4732 patients at an incidence rate of 5·9 events per 100 person-years in the placebo group (hazard ratio 0·78, 95% CI 0·68–0·90), which indicated that albiglutide was superior to placebo (p&lt;0·0001 for non-inferiority; p=0·0006 for superiority). The incidence of acute pancreatitis (ten patients in the albiglutide group and seven patients in the placebo group), pancreatic cancer (six patients in the albiglutide group and five patients in the placebo group), medullary thyroid carcinoma (zero patients in both groups), and other serious adverse events did not differ between the two groups. There were three (&lt;1%) deaths in the placebo group that were assessed by investigators, who were masked to study drug assignment, to be treatment-related and two (&lt;1%) deaths in the albiglutide group. Interpretation: In patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, albiglutide was superior to placebo with respect to major adverse cardiovascular events. Evidence-based glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists should therefore be considered as part of a comprehensive strategy to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes. Funding: GlaxoSmithKline