Effects of Drought and Heat on Photosynthetic Performance, Water Use and Yield of Two Selected Fiber Hemp Cultivars at a Poor-Soil Site in Brandenburg (Germany)

Hemp currently regains certain importance as fiber, oil and medical crop not least because of its modest requirements of biocides, fertilizer and water. During recent years, crops were exposed to a combination of drought and heat, even in northern Central-Europe. Dynamic responses of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance to these stresses and their persistent effects had been studied, if at all, in controlled environment experiments. Comprehensive field studies on diurnal and long-term net photosynthesis and gas exchange, and yield properties of hemp during a drought prone, high-temperature season in northern Central-Europe are obviously missing. Thus, in whole season field trails, the essential actual physiological (rates of net photosynthesis and transpiration, stomatal conductance, water use efficiencies, ambient and internal CO2 concentrations) and the yield performance of modern high-yielding multi-purpose hemp cultivars, ‘Ivory’ and ‘Santhica 27’, were evaluated under extreme environmental conditions and highly limited soil water supply. This provides comprehensive information on the usability of these cultivars under potential future harsh production conditions. Plants of both cultivars differentially cope with the prevailing climatic and soil water conditions. While ‘Ivory’ plants developed high rates of CO2 gain and established large leaf area per plant in the mid-season, those of ‘Santhica 27’ utilized lower CO2 uptake rates at lower leaf area per plant most time. This and the higher germination success of ‘Santhica 27’ resulted in nearly twice the yield compared to ‘Ivory’. Although stomatal control of CO2 gain was pronounced in both cultivars, higher stomatal limitations in ‘Ivory’ plants resulted in higher overall intrinsic water use efficiency. Cultivation of both hemp cultivars with only basic irrigation during seed germination was successful and without large effects on yield and quality. This was valid even under extremely hot and dry climatic conditions in northern Central Europe

Study of Water Productivity of Industrial Hemp under Hot and Dry Conditions in Brandenburg (Germany) in the Year 2018

Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a high-yielding multi-purpose crop, but its hydrological functioning is poorly understood. Studies on the interception processes in hemp have been lacking so far. This study contributes to the understanding of the influences of evaporation of intercepted water and other hydrological fluxes within plants of two cultivars, “Santhica 27” and “Ivory”, on the water productivity. To determine water productivity and evaporation from interception, field measurements were conducted on plants of both cultivars at different stages of development. Precipitation (P), throughfall (TF), transpiration (T), and volumetric water content (VWC) were measured along with leaf area index (LAI) and yield of selected plant components. For the entire vegetation period, the cumulative P of 44 mm was converted into 13 mm TF (30%). The inferred evaporation of intercepted water (I) was high at 31 mm (71%). For the assessment water fluxes, the evaporation of intercepted water must be considered in the decision-making process. Besides the LAI, the plant architecture and the meteorological conditions during the cropping cycle seem to be the main factors determining I in the case of plants of both cultivars. Water productivity (WPDM) of the whole plant varied between 3.07 kg m−3 for Ivory and 3.49 for Santhica 27. In the case of bast yield, WPDM was 0.39 kg m-3 for Santhica 27 and 0.45 kg m−3 for Ivory. After the propagation of the uncertainties, the bandwidth of the WPDM of the whole plant was between 0.42 kg m−3 and 2.57 kg m−3. For bast fiber a bandwidth of the WP between 0.06 kg m−3 and 0.33 kg m−3 was calculated. The results show furthermore that even with a precise examination of water productivity, a high bandwidth of local values is revealed on different cultivars. However, generic WP values for fiber crops are not attainable

Supporting the Integrated Visual Analysis of Input Parameters and Simulation Trajectories

The visualization of simulation trajectories is a well-established approach to analyze simulated processes. Likewise, the visualization of the parameter space that configures a simulation is a well-known method to get an overview of possible parameter combinations. This paper follows the premise that both of these approaches are actually two sides of the same coin: Since the input parameters influence the simulation outcome, it is desirable to visualize and explore both in a combined manner. The main challenge posed by such an integrated visualization is the combinatorial explosion of possible parameter combinations. It leads to insurmountably high simulation runtimes and screen space requirements for their visualization. The Visual Analytics approach presented in this paper targets this issue by providing a visualization of a coarsely sampled subspace of the parameter space and its corresponding simulation outcome. In this visual representation, the analyst can identify regions for further drill-down and thus finer subsampling. We aid this identification by providing visual cues based on heterogeneity metrics. These indicate in which regions of the parameter space deviating behavior occurs at a more fine-grained scale and thus warrants further investigation and possible re-computation. We demonstrate our approach in the domain of systems biology by a visual analysis of a rule-based model of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway that plays a major role in embryonic development. In this case, the aim of the domain experts was to systematically explore the parameter space to determine those parameter configurations that match experimental data sufficiently well

Hafnium isotopic variations in East Atlantic intraplate volcanism

The broad belt of intraplate volcanism in the East Atlantic between 25° and 37° N is proposed to have formed by two adjacent hotspot tracks (the Madeira and Canary tracks) that possess systematically different isotopic signatures reflecting different mantle source compositions. To test this model, Hf isotope ratios from volcanic rocks from all individual islands and all major seamounts are presented in this study. In comparison with published Nd isotope variations (6 εNd units), 176Hf/177Hf ratios span a much larger range (14 εHf units). Samples from the proposed Madeira hotspot track have the most radiogenic Hf isotopic compositions (176Hf/177Hfm up to 0.283335), extending across the entire field for central Atlantic MORB. They form a relatively narrow, elongated trend on the Nd vs. Hf isotope diagram (stretching over >10 εHf units) between a depleted N-MORB-like endmember and a moderately enriched composition located on, or slightly below, the Nd–Hf mantle array, which overlaps the proposed "C" mantle component of Hanan and Graham (1996). In contrast, all samples from the Canary hotspot track plot below the mantle array (176Hf/177Hfm = 0.282943–0.283067) and form a much denser cluster with less compositional variation (~4 εHf units). The cluster falls between (1) a low Hf isotope HIMUlike endmember, (2) a more depleted composition, and (3) the moderately enriched end of the Madeira trend. The new Hf isotope data confirm the general geochemical distinction of the Canary and Madeira domains in the East Atlantic. Both domains, however, seem to share a common, moderately enriched endmember that has "C"-like isotope compositions and is believed to represent subducted, =1 Ga

Modeling the thermal and electrical conductivity relation of synthesized diamonds within fractal nature analysis

Improvement of novel materials could be very good development base for enhancement of new technologies. One of the most promising material of modern science is undoubtedly synthesized diamond. Because of variety of modern applications, the research in this area is becoming intensive. Utilization of this material made great step forward in many areas, beside the most known jewelry, also in producing microcomponents, in medical-surgery, as well as in high professional industry. These and others specific application of polycrystal diamonds, require permanently research and improvement of their properties. Although, the first synthesized diamond was created half a century ago using high pressure - high temperature (HPHT) method, diamonds created by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method were much more convenient for application in so many areas. By applying CVD method, microcrystalline diamond (MCD) with grain size approximately 100 nm were created. Due to some disadvantages of MCD films, like values of hardness and Young’s modulus, new nanocrystalline (NCD) and ultra-nanocrystalline (UNCD) diamond materials were developed, with average grains size of 5-100 nm and 3-5 nm, respectively. The properties of polycrystalline diamonds can vary depending on the consolidation process like composition and pressure of applied gases, filament setup and reactor geometry. In that sense, changing the parameters of consolidation process, there is a possibility to change the microstructure of thin films and understanding its fundamentals. Also, fractal nature analysis could contribute to the revealing possibilities for improvement of polycrystalline diamond films. During carried out experiments, it was observed that there is the influence of grain size on thermal and electrical conductivity - when the thermal conductivity is increasing then electro conductivity is decreasing and opposite. Relation between the structures and final properties of synthetized diamonds can be achieved by explaining these phenomena based on fractal nature

Experimental study of the pressure loss in aero-engine air-oil separators

The results of extensive experimental testing of an aero-engine air-oil separator are presented and discussed. The study focuses on the pressure loss of the system. Oil enters the device in the form of dispersed droplets. Subsequently, separation occurs by centrifuging larger droplets towards the outer walls and by film formation at the inner surface of a rotating porous material, namely an open-cell metal foam. The work described here is part of a study led jointly by the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) and the University of Nottingham (UNott) within a recent EU project. The goal of the research is to increase the separation efficiency to mitigate oil consumption and emissions, while keeping the pressure loss as low as possible. The aim is to determine the influencing factors on pressure loss and separation efficiency. With this knowledge, a correlation can eventually be derived. Experiments were conducted for three different separator configurations, one without a metal foam and two with metal foams of different pore sizes. For each configuration, a variety of engine-like conditions of air mass flow rate, rotational speed and droplet size was investigated. The experimental results were used to validate and improve the numerical modelling. Results for the pressure drop and its dependencies on air mass flow rate and the rotational speed were analysed. It is shown that the swirling flow and the dissipation of angular momentum are the most important contributors to the pressure drop, besides the losses due to friction and dissipation caused by the flow passing the metal foam. It was found that the ratio of the rotor speed and the tangential velocity of the fluid is an important parameter to describe the influence of rotation on the pressure loss. Contrary to expectations, the pressure loss is not necessarily increased with a metal foam installed

Explodierende Staatsschulden, drohende Staatsbankrotte: Was kommt auf uns zu?

Seit Ausbruch der Finanz- und Wirtschaftskrise ist weltweit ein enormer Anstieg staatlicher Defizite und Schuldenstände zu beobachten. Was bedeutet die Entwicklung für die Europäische Währungsunion? Charles B. Blankart und Erik R. Fasten, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, finden es wünschenswert, »vom Nichtauslösungsartikel auszugehen und diesen mit einem Verfahren wie dem des Eurostabilitätspaktes zu verbinden. Die Mitgliedstaaten sagen Hilfe zur Restrukturierung zu. Aber wenn dies alles nichts fruchtet, so steht am Ende … nicht die Auslösung, sondern der Staatsbankrott«. Jörn Axel Kämmerer und Hans-Bernd Schäfer, Bucerius Law School, Hochschule für Rechtswissenschaft, Hamburg, sehen die Europäische Union vor einem äußerst schmalen Grat. Die EU dürfe das Bail-out-Verbot nicht zum Schaden des Euro in einer Weise aufweichen, dass »die Ausnahme zur Regel« werde. Aber sie könne auch nicht untätig bleiben. Jörg Asmussen, Bundesministerium der Finanzen, unterstreicht, dass sich der Stabilitäts- und Wachstumspakt als fiskalpolitisches Koordinierungsinstrument bewährt habe. Auf der anderen Seite werden jetzt die Regeln wieder restriktiver angewandt. Dies bedeute, dass alle Mitgliedstaaten ihre Haushalts- und/oder Strukturprobleme aus eigener Kraft in den Griff bekommen müssen. Für Christian Tietje, Universität Halle-Wittenberg, bleibt es zunächst immer bei der Selbstverantwortung der Staaten der Eurogruppe für ihre Wirtschaftspolitik, finanzielle Solidaritätsmaßnahmen müssen die Ultima Ratio im Euroraum bleiben. Michael Kühl und Renate Ohr, Universität Göttingen, sind der Meinung, dass hochverschuldete Länder, wie z.B. Griechenland, selbst einen Weg finden müssen, ihre Staatsfinanzen zu konsolidieren.Öffentliche Schulden, Wirtschaftskrise, Haushaltskonsolidierung, Europäische Wirtschafts- und Währungsunion, Staatsbankrott, Finanzpolitik, Deutschland, Griechenland, Italien, Belgien, EU-Staaten

Analysis of Oscillating Combustion for NOx-Reduction in Pulverized Fuel Boilers

Thermal power plants in different fields are regularly adapted to the state-of-the-art emissions standards, applying “The Best Available Techniques Reference”. Since 2016 in the power plant area new, more stringent limits for power plant units with a thermal output of more than 300 MW operated with black coal are valid. Usually, in order to reach the new limits e.g., for NOX emissions, downstream reduction processes (Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction, SNCR or Selective Catalytic eduction) are applied, which use of operating resources (essentially ammonia water) thereby increase. By the means of an xperimentally validated process, by which pulverized fuel is fed by oscillation through a swirl burner into a pilot ombustion chamber with a thermal output of 2.5 MW, nitrogen oxides can be reduced without further activities, for nstance from 450 mg/mN3 in non-oscillation operation mode (0 Hz) to 280 mg/mN3 in oscillation operation mode (3.5 Hz), normalized to an O2–content of 6% each. These findings were patented in EP3084300. Particularly promising are the experiments which utilize oscillation of a large portion of the burn out air instead of the fuel in order to minimize the fatigue of the pulverized fuel oscillator, amongst others. Thereby, the nitrogen conversion rate, which describes the ratio of NOX to fuel nitrogen, including thermal NOX can be reduced from 26% for non-oscillation operation mode down to 6%. The present findings show that fuel oscillation alone is not sufficient to achieve nitrogen oxides concentrations below the legislative values. Therefore, a combination of different primary (and secondary) measures is required. This paper presents the experimental results for oscillating coal-dust firing. Furthermore, an expert model based on a multivariate regression is developed to evaluate the experimental results

Detection of Campylobacter antibodies in swine meat juice - a first case study

The genus Campylobacter is a gram-negtaive, non-spore forming rod with several species. Campylobacter infections are present in the intestine of many animal species and has been isolated, for instance, from cattle, sheep and pigs, respectively. In the majority of cases the isolation of Campylobacter merely indicates an a-symptomatic presence in the gut, although it also can be associated with enteritis. The aim of this study is to check the possibility using serological antibody detection for the estimation of the herd prevalence of Campylobacter infections

Shear Viscosity of Clay-like Colloids in Computer Simulations and Experiments

Dense suspensions of small strongly interacting particles are complex systems, which are rarely understood on the microscopic level. We investigate properties of dense suspensions and sediments of small spherical Al_2O_3 particles in a shear cell by means of a combined Molecular Dynamics (MD) and Stochastic Rotation Dynamics (SRD) simulation. We study structuring effects and the dependence of the suspension's viscosity on the shear rate and shear thinning for systems of varying salt concentration and pH value. To show the agreement of our results to experimental data, the relation between bulk pH value and surface charge of spherical colloidal particles is modeled by Debye-Hueckel theory in conjunction with a 2pK charge regulation model.Comment: 15 pages, 8 figure