4,174 research outputs found
Relationship between Hard and Soft X-ray Emission Components of a Solar Flare
X-ray observations of solar flares routinely reveal an impulsive high-energy
and a gradual low-energy emission component, whose relationship is one of the
key issues of solar flare study. The gradual and impulsive emission components
are believed to be associated with, respectively, the thermal and nonthermal
components identified in spectral fitting. In this paper, a prominent about 50
second hard X-ray (HXR) pulse of a simple GOES class C7.5 flare on 20 February
2002 is used to study the association between high energy, non-thermal and
impulsive evolution, and low energy, thermal and gradual evolution. We use
regularized methods to obtain time derivatives of photon fluxes to quantify the
time evolution as a function of photon energy, obtaining a break energy between
impulsive and gradual behavior. These break energies are consistent with a
constant value of about 11 keV in agreement with those found spectroscopically
between thermal and non-thermal components, but the relative errors of the
former are greater than 15% and much greater than the a few percent errors
found from the spectral fitting. These errors only weakly depend on assuming an
underlying spectral model for the photons, pointing to the current data being
inadequate to reduce the uncertainties rather than there being a problem
associated with an assumed model. The time derivative method is used to test
for the presence of a 'pivot energy' in this flare. Although these pivot
energies are marginally consistent with a constant value of about 9 keV, its
values in the HXR rise phase appear to be lower than those in the decay phase
The sub-arcsecond hard X-ray structure of loop footpoints in a solar flare
The newly developed X-ray visibility forward fitting technique is applied to
Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI) data of a limb
flare to investigate the energy and height dependence on sizes, shapes, and
position of hard X-ray chromospheric footpoint sources. This provides
information about the electron transport and chromospheric density structure.
The spatial distribution of two footpoint X-ray sources is analyzed using
PIXON, Maximum Entropy Method, CLEAN and visibility forward fit algorithms at
nonthermal energies from to keV. We report, for the first
time, the vertical extents and widths of hard X-ray chromospheric sources
measured as a function of energy for a limb event. Our observations suggest
that both the vertical and horizontal sizes of footpoints are decreasing with
energy. Higher energy emission originates progressively deeper in the
chromosphere consistent with downward flare accelerated streaming electrons.
The ellipticity of the footpoints grows with energy from at keV to at keV. The positions of X-ray emission are in
agreement with an exponential density profile of scale height ~km.
The characteristic size of the hard X-ray footpoint source along the limb is
decreasing with energy suggesting a converging magnetic field in the footpoint.
The vertical sizes of X-ray sources are inconsistent with simple collisional
transport in a single density scale height but can be explained using a
multi-threaded density structure in the chromosphere.Comment: 7 pages, 7 figures, submitted to Ap
Hard X-ray footpoint sizes and positions as diagnostics of flare accelerated energetic electrons in the low solar atmosphere
The hard X-ray (HXR) emission in solar flares comes almost exclusively from a
very small part of the flaring region, the footpoints of magnetic loops. Using
RHESSI observations of solar flare footpoints, we determine the radial
positions and sizes of footpoints as a function of energy in six near-limb
events to investigate the transport of flare accelerated electrons and the
properties of the chromosphere. HXR visibility forward fitting allows to find
the positions/heights and the sizes of HXR footpoints along and perpendicular
to the magnetic field of the flaring loop at different energies in the HXR
range. We show that in half of the analyzed events, a clear trend of decreasing
height of the sources with energy is found. Assuming collisional thick-target
transport, HXR sources are located between 600 and 1200 km above the
photosphere for photon energies between 120 and 25 keV respectively. In the
other events, the position as a function of energy is constant within the
uncertainties. The vertical sizes (along the path of electron propagation)
range from 1.3 to 8 arcseconds which is up to a factor 4 larger than predicted
by the thick-target model even in events where the positions/heights of HXR
sources are consistent with the collisional thick-target model. Magnetic
mirroring, collisional pitch angle scattering and X-ray albedo are discussed as
potential explanations of the findings.Comment: 10 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in Ap
Decision aids can support cancer clinical trials decisions: Results of a randomized trial
BACKGROUND. Cancer patients often do not make informed decisions regarding clinical trial participation. This study evaluated whether a web-based decision aid (DA) could support trial decisions compared with our cancer center’s website. METHODS. Adults diagnosed with cancer in the past 6 months who had not previously participated in a cancer clinical trial were eligible. Participants were randomized to view the DA or our cancer center’s website (enhanced usual care [UC]). Controlling for whether participants had heard of cancer clinical trials and educational attainment, multivariable linear regression examined group on knowledge, self-efficacy for finding trial information, decisional conflict (values clarity and uncertainty), intent to participate, decision readiness, and trial perceptions. RESULTS. Two hundred patients (86%) consented between May 2014 and April 2015. One hundred were randomized to each group. Surveys were completed by 87 in the DA group and 90 in the UC group. DA group participants reported clearer values regarding trial participation than UC group participants reported (least squares [LS] mean = 15.8 vs. 32, p < .0001) and less uncertainty (LS mean = 24.3 vs. 36.4, p = .025). The DA group had higher objective knowledge than the UC group’s (LS mean = 69.8 vs. 55.8, p < .0001). There were no differences between groups in intent to participate. CONCLUSIONS. Improvements on key decision outcomes including knowledge, self-efficacy, certainty about choice, and values clarity among participants who viewed the DA suggest web-based DAs can support informed decisions about trial participation among cancer patients facing this preference-sensitive choice. Although better informing patients before trial participation could improve retention, more work is needed to examine DA impact on enrollment and retention. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: This paper describes evidence regarding a decision tool to support patients’ decisions about trial participation. By improving knowledge, helping patients clarify preferences for participation, and facilitating conversations about trials, decision aids could lead to decisions about participation that better match patients’ preferences, promoting patient-centered care and the ethical conduct of clinical research
The Role of Notch1 and Notch3 in hADSC Adipogenesis
The abstract for this presentation can be downloaded by clicking on the blue download button
Acceleration, magnetic fluctuations and cross-field transport of energetic electrons in a solar flare loop
Plasma turbulence is thought to be associated with various physical processes
involved in solar flares, including magnetic reconnection, particle
acceleration and transport. Using Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager
({\it RHESSI}) observations and the X-ray visibility analysis, we determine the
spatial and spectral distributions of energetic electrons for a flare (GOES
M3.7 class, April 14, 2002 2355 UT), which was previously found to be
consistent with a reconnection scenario. It is demonstrated that because of the
high density plasma in the loop, electrons have to be continuously accelerated
about the loop apex of length cm and width cm. Energy dependent transport of tens of keV electrons is observed to
occur both along and across the guiding magnetic field of the loop. We show
that the cross-field transport is consistent with the presence of magnetic
turbulence in the loop, where electrons are accelerated, and estimate the
magnitude of the field line diffusion coefficient for different phases of the
flare. The energy density of magnetic fluctuations is calculated for given
magnetic field correlation lengths and is larger than the energy density of the
non-thermal electrons. The level of magnetic fluctuations peaks when the
largest number of electrons is accelerated and is below detectability or absent
at the decay phase. These hard X-ray observations provide the first
observational evidence that magnetic turbulence governs the evolution of
energetic electrons in a dense flaring loop and is suggestive of their
turbulent acceleration.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures, submitted to ApJ
Hot Spine Loops and the Nature of a Late-Phase Solar Flare
The fan-spine magnetic topology is believed to be responsible for many
curious features in solar explosive events. A spine field line links distinct
flux domains, but direct observation of such feature has been rare. Here we
report a unique event observed by the Solar Dynamic Observatory where a set of
hot coronal loops (over 10 MK) connected to a quasi-circular chromospheric
ribbon at one end and a remote brightening at the other. Magnetic field
extrapolation suggests these loops are partly tracer of the evolving spine
field line. Continuous slipping- and null-point-type reconnections were likely
at work, energizing the loop plasma and transferring magnetic flux within and
across the fan quasi-separatrix layer. We argue that the initial reconnection
is of the "breakout" type, which then transitioned to a more violent flare
reconnection with an eruption from the fan dome. Significant magnetic field
changes are expected and indeed ensued. This event also features an
extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) late phase, i.e. a delayed secondary emission peak in
warm EUV lines (about 2-7 MK). We show that this peak comes from the cooling of
large post-reconnection loops beside and above the compact fan, a direct
product of eruption in such topological settings. The long cooling time of the
large arcades contributes to the long delay; additional heating may also be
required. Our result demonstrates the critical nature of cross-scale magnetic
coupling - topological change in a sub-system may lead to explosions on a much
larger scale.Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ. Animations linked from pd
Melanocortin 1 receptor targeted imaging of melanoma with gold nanocages and positron emission tomography
Purpose: Melanoma is a lethal skin cancer with unmet clinical needs for targeted imaging and therapy. Nanoscale materials conjugated with targeting components have shown great potential to improve tumor delivery efficiency while minimizing undesirable side effects in vivo. Herein, we proposed to develop targeted nanoparticles for melanoma theranostics. Method: In this work, gold nanocages (AuNCs) were conjugated with α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) peptide and radiolabeled with 64Cu for melanocortin 1 receptor-(MC1R) targeted positron emission tomography (PET) in a mouse B16/F10 melanoma model. Results: Their controlled synthesis and surface chemistry enabled well-defined structure and radiolabeling efficiency. In vivo pharmacokinetic evaluation demonstrated comparable organ distribution between the targeted and nontargeted AuNCs. However, micro-PET/computed tomography (CT) imaging demonstrated specific and improved tumor accumulation via MC1R-mediated delivery. By increasing the coverage density of α-MSH peptide on AuNCs, the tumor delivery efficiency was improved. Conclusion: The controlled synthesis, sensitive PET imaging, and optimal tumor targeting suggested the potential of targeted AuNCs for melanoma theranostics. </jats:sec
State policy environment and the dental safety net: a case study of professional practice environments’ effect on dental service availability in Federally Qualified Health Centers
Objectives
To determine whether and to what extent the state policy environment for the dental hygiene workforce affects the availability of dental services at Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs).
Methods
We examined data drawn from the Uniform Data System on 1,135 unique FQHC grantees receiving community health center funding from the U.S. Health Center program between 2004 and 2012. The Dental Hygiene Professional Practice Index was used to quantify variations in state policy environment. We then examined the influence of state policy environment on the availability of dental care through generalized linear mixed-effects models.
Results
Approximately 80% of FQHCs reported delivering dental services. We consistently observed that FQHCs with favorable levels of state support had the highest proportion of FQHCs that delivered dental services, even more so than FQHCs with extremely high support. FQHCs located in the most restrictive states had 0.28 the odds of delivering dental services as did those located in the most supportive states.
Conclusions
The state policy environment for the dental hygiene workforce is likely associated with the availability of dental services at FQHCs. The greatest proportion of FQHCs delivering dental services was found in states with policy provisions supporting professional independence in public health settings. Nevertheless, additional research is needed to understand the specific mechanism by which these policies affect FQHCs
Patient-centred pharmaceutical design to improve acceptability of medicines : similarities and differences in paediatric and geriatric populations
Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.Patient acceptability of a medicinal product is a key aspect in the development and prescribing of medicines. Children and older adults differ in many aspects from the other age subsets of population and require particular considerations in medication acceptability. This review highlights the similarities and differences in these two age groups in relation to factors affecting acceptability of medicines. New and conventional formulations of medicines are considered regarding their appropriateness for use in children and older people. Aspects of a formulation that impact acceptability in these patient groups are discussed, including, for example, taste/smell/viscosity of a liquid and size/shape of a tablet. A better understanding of the acceptability of existing formulations highlights opportunities for the development of new and more acceptable medicines and facilitates safe and effective prescribing for the young and older populationsPeer reviewedFinal Published versio
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