"Reißt die Grenzpfähle aus!"

Die Kommunistische Jugendinternationale (KJI) war die Jugendsektion der Kommunistischen Internationale (Komintern). Gegründet im Jahr 1919, gehen die Wurzeln der KJI weiter zurück. Bereits 1907 wurde die erste Jugendinternationale, die Internationale Verbindung Sozialistischer Jugendorganisationen (IVSJO), geschaffen. So wie auch die II. Internationale stellte die IVSJO mit Ausbruch des Kriegs 1914 ihre Tätigkeit ein. Unzufrieden mit der „Burgfriedenspolitik“ der europäischen Sozialdemokratie, traten 1915 auf Initiative von Willi Münzenberg Vertreter mehrerer sozialistischer Jugendorganisationen zu einer Konferenz in Bern zusammen, um die Jugendinternationale zu reformieren. Die reformierte Jugendinternationale stand in engem Kontakt mit Lenin und der Zimmerwalder Linken und gab bereits seit 1915 eine internationale Zeitschrift, die „Jugend-Internationale“ heraus. Nach Ende des Kriegs sollte auf Initiative der neu gegründeten Kommunistischen Internationale aus der reformierten IVSJO die KJI hervorgehen. Die KJI solidarisierte sich mit der Komintern, ordnete sich ihr aber nicht unter. Sie erklärte sich für unabhängig und richtete ihr Exekutivkomitee in Berlin ein. Nach Etablierung der Macht der Bolschewiki drängte die Komintern auf Unterordnung der KJI. Die KJI wurde damit zur Sektion der Komintern, ihr Exekutivkomitee wurde 1921 nach Moskau verlegt. International regelte die KJI die Politik und das Auftreten der Kommunistischen Jugendverbände und initiierte die Gründung von Jugendverbänden, wo es noch keine gab. Ein eigener Verlag sorgte für eine rege Publikationstätigkeit. Der Kampf der KJI galt vor allen Dingen gegnerischen Jugendorganisationen, insbesondere der 1923 gegründeten Sozialistischen Jugendinternationale (SJI) und faschistischen Jugendverbänden. Zahlreiche Personen machten Karriere auf Grundlage ihrer Tätigkeit in der KJI, andere fielen den Stalinschen Säuberungen zum Opfer. Seit dem Zusammenbruch der Sowjetunion und der Öffnung der Archive wurde die Geschichte der Komintern zusehends erforscht. Die vorliegende Arbeit unternimmt den Versuch, auf Grundlage eines Recherche-Aufenthalts im Bundesarchiv Berlin-Lichterfelde die Geschichte der Kommunistischen Jugendinternationale quellen-analytisch darzustellen. Einer chronologischen Darstellung folgt eine Analyse verschiedener Aspekte der KJI, wodurch eine genauere Einschätzung ihrer Wirkung und Bedeutung erfolgt. Durch die Aufarbeitung der Geschichte der KJI soll ein weiterer Beitrag zur Erforschung des Apparats der Komintern und der internationalen Tätigkeiten ihrer Sektionen geleistet werden.The Communist Youth International (CYI) was the youth section of the Communist International (Comintern). Founded in 1919, its roots are much older. In 1907 the first International of Youth, the International Union of Socialist Youth (IUSY), was created. When in 1914 the war broke out and the Second International dissolved, the IUSY stopped its activity, too. Dissatisfied with the policy of the social democratic parties in Europe, representatives of socialist youth organisations met in Bern in 1915 and reformed the Youth International. The conference was initiated by Willi Münzenberg. The reformed Youth International had close relations to Lenin and the Zimmerwald Left and started to publish an international magazine. When the war ended, the reformed IUSY turned into the Communist Youth International on the Comintern's initiative. The CYI showed solidarity with the Comintern, but did not take on a subordinate role. It declared itself independent and set up its Executive Committee in Berlin. When the power of the Bolsheviks was established, the Comintern wanted the CYI to subordinate. The CYI became a section of the Comintern, and its Executive Committee was moved to Moscow in 1921. The CYI organised the policy of Communist youth organisations around the world and initiated the founding of new organisations in countries where hitherto none existed. The CYI had its own publishing house. Its main opponents were the International Union of Socialist Youth, which was newly established in 1923, and fascist youth organisations. Many persons made career because of their work for the CYI, others were murdered in the Great Purge. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the opening of the archives, historians have explored the history of the Comintern. This thesis shows the history of the CYI by using historical sources I explored in the German Bundesarchiv in Berlin. The first part of the thesis gives a chronological view of the history of the CYI. The second part deals with different aspects of the CYI. Doing so, the thesis comes to a particular opinion about the CYI. By reappraising the history of the Communist Youth International, this thesis makes a contribution to the exploration of the apparatus of the Comintern and the international activities of its sections

Post-collisional rapid exhumation and erosion during continental sedimentation: the example of the late Variscan Salvan-Dorénaz basin (Western Alps)

The Salvan-Dorénaz intramontane basin formed between ca. 308-293Ma as an asymmetric graben along crustal-scale transtensional fracture zones within the Aiguilles-Rouges crystalline massif (Western Alps) and represents a feature of the post-collisional evolution of the Variscan orogens. It contains 1.5-1.7km of continental clastic deposits which were eroded from granitic, volcanic, and metamorphic rocks. Textural and compositional immaturity of the sandstones, and the numerous lithic fragments with low chemical and physical stability suggest only short-range transport. 40Ar/39Ar analyses of detrital muscovite are interpreted to represent cooling of the crystalline basement below the respective closure temperatures. Ages from detrital muscovite range between ca. 280-330Ma. 40Ar/39Ar white mica plateau ages from granitic boulders range between 301-312Ma and suggest rapid cooling. The very short time interval recorded between the 40Ar/39Ar cooling ages and the stratigraphic age of the host sediment suggests that considerable portions of the upper crust were removed prior to the formation of the basin. Late Variscan granitic boulders document surface exposure and erosion of Late Carboniferous granites during early stages of the infilling of the basin. Therefore, unroofing of basement units, magmatic activity, and formation of the fault bounded Salvan-Dorénaz basin were acting concomitantly, and are highly suggestive of extensional tectonics. When compared with other orogens, this situation seems specific to the Variscan, especially the exclusively young ages of detrital material, however, modern analogous may exis

Asteroseismology of massive stars with the TESS mission: the runaway Beta Cep pulsator PHL 346 = HN Aqr

We report an analysis of the first known Beta Cep pulsator observed by the TESS mission, the runaway star PHL 346 = HN Aqr. The star, previously known as a singly-periodic pulsator, has at least 34 oscillation modes excited, 12 of those in the g-mode domain and 22 p modes. Analysis of archival data implies that the amplitude and frequency of the dominant mode and the stellar radial velocity were variable over time. A binary nature would be inconsistent with the inferred ejection velocity from the Galactic disc of 420 km/s, which is too large to be survivable by a runaway binary system. A kinematic analysis of the star results in an age constraint (23 +- 1 Myr) that can be imposed on asteroseismic modelling and that can be used to remove degeneracies in the modelling process. Our attempts to match the excitation of the observed frequency spectrum resulted in pulsation models that were too young. Hence, asteroseismic studies of runaway pulsators can become vital not only in tracing the evolutionary history of such objects, but to understand the interior structure of massive stars in general. TESS is now opening up these stars for detailed asteroseismic investigation.Comment: accepted for ApJ

A Cellular Automaton Framework for Infectious Disease Spread Simulation

In this paper, a cellular automaton framework for processing the spatiotemporal spread of infectious diseases is presented. The developed environment simulates and visualizes how infectious diseases might spread, and hence provides a powerful instrument for health care organizations to generate disease prevention and contingency plans. In this study, the outbreak of an avian flu like virus was modeled in the state of Tyrol, and various scenarios such as quarantine, effect of different medications on viral spread and changes of social behavior were simulated

Analysis of the piggyBac transposase reveals a functional nuclear targeting signal in the 94 c-terminal residues

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The <it>piggyBac</it> transposable element is a popular tool for germ-line transgenesis of eukaryotes. Despite this, little is known about the mechanism of transposition or the transposase (TPase) itself. A thorough understanding of just how <it>piggyBac</it> works may lead to more effective use of this important mobile element. A PSORTII analysis of the TPase amino acid sequence predicts a bipartite nuclear localization signal (NLS) near the c-terminus, just upstream of a putative ZnF (ZnF).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We fused the <it>piggyBac</it> TPase upstream of and in-frame with the enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) in the <it>Drosophila melanogaster</it> inducible metallothionein protein. Using Drosophila Schneider 2 (S2) cells and the deep red fluorescent nuclear stain Draq5, we were able to track the pattern of <it>piggyBac</it> localization with a scanning confocal microscope 48 hours after induction with copper sulphate.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Through n and c-terminal truncations, targeted internal deletions, and specific amino acid mutations of the <it>piggyBac</it> TPase open reading frame, we found that not only is the PSORTII-predicted NLS required for the TPase to enter the nucleus of S2 cells, but there are additional requirements for negatively charged amino acids a short length upstream of this region for nuclear localization.</p

Application of integrated transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic profiling for the delineation of mechanisms of drug induced cell stress

International audience; High content omic techniques in combination with stable human in vitro cell culture systems have the potential to improve on current pre-clinical safety regimes by providing detailed mechanistic information of altered cellular processes. Here we investigated the added benefit of integrating transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics together with pharmacokinetics for drug testing regimes. Cultured human renal epithelial cells (RPTEC/TERT1) were exposed to the nephrotoxin Cyclosporine A (CsA) at therapeutic and supratherapeutic concentrations for 14 days. CsA was quantified in supernatants and cellular lysates by LC-MS/MS for kinetic modeling. There was a rapid cellular uptake and accumulation of CsA, with a non-linear relationship between intracellular and applied concentrations. CsA at 15 µM induced mitochondrial disturbances and activation of the Nrf2-oxidative-damage and the unfolded protein-response pathways. All three omic streams provided complementary information, especially pertaining to Nrf2 and ATF4 activation. No stress induction was detected with 5 µM CsA; however, both concentrations resulted in a maximal secretion of cyclophilin B. The study demonstrates for the first time that CsA-induced stress is not directly linked to its primary pharmacology. In addition we demonstrate the power of integrated omics for the elucidation of signaling cascades brought about by compound induced cell stress

International Nonregimes: A Research Agenda1

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/146934/1/j.1468-2486.2007.00672.x.pd

BHPR research: qualitative1. Complex reasoning determines patients' perception of outcome following foot surgery in rheumatoid arhtritis

Background: Foot surgery is common in patients with RA but research into surgical outcomes is limited and conceptually flawed as current outcome measures lack face validity: to date no one has asked patients what is important to them. This study aimed to determine which factors are important to patients when evaluating the success of foot surgery in RA Methods: Semi structured interviews of RA patients who had undergone foot surgery were conducted and transcribed verbatim. Thematic analysis of interviews was conducted to explore issues that were important to patients. Results: 11 RA patients (9 ♂, mean age 59, dis dur = 22yrs, mean of 3 yrs post op) with mixed experiences of foot surgery were interviewed. Patients interpreted outcome in respect to a multitude of factors, frequently positive change in one aspect contrasted with negative opinions about another. Overall, four major themes emerged. Function: Functional ability & participation in valued activities were very important to patients. Walking ability was a key concern but patients interpreted levels of activity in light of other aspects of their disease, reflecting on change in functional ability more than overall level. Positive feelings of improved mobility were often moderated by negative self perception ("I mean, I still walk like a waddling duck”). Appearance: Appearance was important to almost all patients but perhaps the most complex theme of all. Physical appearance, foot shape, and footwear were closely interlinked, yet patients saw these as distinct separate concepts. Patients need to legitimize these feelings was clear and they frequently entered into a defensive repertoire ("it's not cosmetic surgery; it's something that's more important than that, you know?”). Clinician opinion: Surgeons' post operative evaluation of the procedure was very influential. The impact of this appraisal continued to affect patients' lasting impression irrespective of how the outcome compared to their initial goals ("when he'd done it ... he said that hasn't worked as good as he'd wanted to ... but the pain has gone”). Pain: Whilst pain was important to almost all patients, it appeared to be less important than the other themes. Pain was predominately raised when it influenced other themes, such as function; many still felt the need to legitimize their foot pain in order for health professionals to take it seriously ("in the end I went to my GP because it had happened a few times and I went to an orthopaedic surgeon who was quite dismissive of it, it was like what are you complaining about”). Conclusions: Patients interpret the outcome of foot surgery using a multitude of interrelated factors, particularly functional ability, appearance and surgeons' appraisal of the procedure. While pain was often noted, this appeared less important than other factors in the overall outcome of the surgery. Future research into foot surgery should incorporate the complexity of how patients determine their outcome Disclosure statement: All authors have declared no conflicts of interes