Construction of electrical substation 110/22kV, Písnice

V této bakalářské práci se zabývám teoretickým pohledem a následnou analýzou problematiky rozšíření a tím i posílení stávající distribuční sítě v oblasti městských částí Písnice, Libuš a Kunratice. Na základě provedené analýzy oblasti pro realizaci jsem stanovil dvě varianty řešení v podobě posílení stávající sítě pomocí nových kabelů 22 kV napojených z okolních rozvoden nebo přímo výstavbou nové kompaktní rozvodny 110/22 kV v oblasti městské části Písnice. Za pomoci výkonové analýzy oblasti jsem došel k závěru, že vzhledem k plánovaným požadavkům pro budoucí velkoodběratelské stanice není provozně ani technicky možné zrealizovat první variantu. Z toho důvodu se ve své práci dále věnuji výhradně možnosti realizace rozvodny 110/22 kV Písnice, u které se předpokládá dostatečné zajištění výkonové rezervy za účelem výstavby stanice metra D pro plánovaného velkoodběratele Dopravní podnik hl. m. Prahy. V závěru práce se zaměřuji na ekonomickou stránku dvou možných provedení investičního záměru. První z nich je realizace celé investice najednou, druhá varianta řeší možnost odkladu části investice a dobudování rozvodny TR 110/22 kV Písnice s ohledem na postupný nárůst odběrů. Výsledné řešení doplňuji citlivostní analýzou a doporučením pro investora.The focus of this bachelor thesis is the issue of broadening and thereby strengthening the existing electrical distribution network in urban areas Písnice, Libuš and Kunratice from a theoretical and analytical standpoint. The conclusions are based on a complex analysis of the areas targeted for the implementation. There are two possible solutions set for this project to strengthen the existing distribution network: new 22 kV cables connected from surrounding substations or construction of a new 110/22 kV compact electrical substation named Písnice. After carrying out a performance (power) analysis of the targeted area it became clear that the planned requirements for future large power consumption are operationally and technically impossible to implement in the first option. Due to this fact the second part of the thesis deals only with the theoretical construction of the new 110/22 kV electrical substation Písnice, which is planned with sufficient power reserves in mind for future operating requirements of the new line "D" underground station planned to be built by Dopravní podnik hl. m. Prahy, a.s. The conclusion addresses two possible economical solutions for said implementation accompanied by an economical sensitivity analysis and a recommendation for a potential investor

Physical Examination Findings Among Children and Adolescents With Obesity: An Evidence-Based Review

Overweight and obesity affects 1 in 3 US children and adolescents. Clinical recommendations have largely focused on screening guidelines and counseling strategies. However, the physical examination of the child or adolescent with obesity can provide the clinician with additional information to guide management decisions. This expert-based review focuses on physical examination findings specific to children and adolescents with obesity. For each physical examination element, the authors define the finding and its prevalence among pediatric patients with obesity, discuss the importance and relevance of the finding, describe known techniques to assess severity, and review evidence regarding the need for additional evaluation. The recommendations presented represent a comprehensive review of current evidence as well as expert opinion. The goal of this review is to highlight the importance of conducting a targeted physical examination during pediatric weight management visits

Thrombocytopenia and Acute Renal Failure in Puumala Hantavirus Infections

Low platelet counts are a novel predictive marker suitable for risk-adapted patient management

Phylogenetic Tree Reconstruction Accuracy and Model Fit when Proportions of Variable Sites Change across the Tree

Commonly used phylogenetic models assume a homogeneous process through time in all parts of the tree. However, it is known that these models can be too simplistic as they do not account for nonhomogeneous lineage-specific properties. In particular, it is now widely recognized that as constraints on sequences evolve, the proportion and positions of variable sites can vary between lineages causing heterotachy. The extent to which this model misspecification affects tree reconstruction is still unknown. Here, we evaluate the effect of changes in the proportions and positions of variable sites on model fit and tree estimation. We consider 5 current models of nucleotide sequence evolution in a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo framework as well as maximum parsimony (MP). We show that for a tree with 4 lineages where 2 nonsister taxa undergo a change in the proportion of variable sites tree reconstruction under the best-fitting model, which is chosen using a relative test, often results in the wrong tree. In this case, we found that an absolute test of model fit is a better predictor of tree estimation accuracy. We also found further evidence that MP is not immune to heterotachy. In addition, we show that increased sampling of taxa that have undergone a change in proportion and positions of variable sites is critical for accurate tree reconstruction

High Throughput Genome-Wide Survey of Small RNAs from the Parasitic Protists Giardia intestinalis and Trichomonas vaginalis

RNA interference (RNAi) is a set of mechanisms which regulate gene expression in eukaryotes. Key elements of RNAi are small sense and antisense RNAs from 19 to 26 nt generated from double-stranded RNAs. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a major type of RNAi-associated small RNAs and are found in most eukaryotes studied to date. To investigate whether small RNAs associated with RNAi appear to be present in all eukaryotic lineages, and therefore present in the ancestral eukaryote, we studied two deep-branching protozoan parasites, Giardia intestinalis and Trichomonas vaginalis. Little is known about endogenous small RNAs involved in RNAi of these organisms. Using Illumina Solexa sequencing and genome-wide analysis of small RNAs from these distantly related deep-branching eukaryotes, we identified 10 strong miRNA candidates from Giardia and 11 from Trichomonas. We also found evidence of Giardia short-interfering RNAs potentially involved in the expression of variant-specific surface proteins. In addition, eight new small nucleolar RNAs from Trichomonas are identified. Our results indicate that miRNAs are likely to be general in ancestral eukaryotes and therefore are likely to be a universal feature of eukaryotes

Insights into substrate stabilization from snapshots of the peptidyl transferase center of the intact 70S ribosome

Protein synthesis is catalyzed in the peptidyl transferase center (PTC), located in the large (50S) subunit of the ribosome. No high-resolution structure of the intact ribosome has contained a complete active site including both A- and P-site tRNAs. In addition, although past structures of the 50S subunit have found no ordered proteins at the PTC, biochemical evidence suggests that specific proteins are capable of interacting with the 3′ ends of tRNA ligands. Here we present structures, at 3.6-Å and 3.5-Å resolution respectively, of the 70S ribosome in complex with A- and P-site tRNAs that mimic pre- and post-peptidyl-transfer states. These structures demonstrate that the PTC is very similar between the 50S subunit and the intact ribosome. They also reveal interactions between the ribosomal proteins L16 and L27 and the tRNA substrates, helping to elucidate the role of these proteins in peptidyl transfer

Cardiac and vascular structure and function parameters do not improve with alternate nightly home hemodialysis: An interventional cohort study

Background: Nightly extended hours hemodialysis may improve left ventricular hypertrophy and function and endothelial function but presents problems of sustainability and increased cost. The effect of alternate nightly home hemodialysis (NHD) on cardiovascular structure and function is not known

Broadly sampled multigene analyses yield a well-resolved eukaryotic tree of life

Author Posting. © The Authors, 2010. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Oxford University Press for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Systematic Biology 59 (2010): 518-533, doi:10.1093/sysbio/syq037.An accurate reconstruction of the eukaryotic tree of life is essential to identify the innovations underlying the diversity of microbial and macroscopic (e.g. plants and animals) eukaryotes. Previous work has divided eukaryotic diversity into a small number of high-level ‘supergroups’, many of which receive strong support in phylogenomic analyses. However, the abundance of data in phylogenomic analyses can lead to highly supported but incorrect relationships due to systematic phylogenetic error. Further, the paucity of major eukaryotic lineages (19 or fewer) included in these genomic studies may exaggerate systematic error and reduces power to evaluate hypotheses. Here, we use a taxon-rich strategy to assess eukaryotic relationships. We show that analyses emphasizing broad taxonomic sampling (up to 451 taxa representing 72 major lineages) combined with a moderate number of genes yield a well-resolved eukaryotic tree of life. The consistency across analyses with varying numbers of taxa (88-451) and levels of missing data (17-69%) supports the accuracy of the resulting topologies. The resulting stable topology emerges without the removal of rapidly evolving genes or taxa, a practice common to phylogenomic analyses. Several major groups are stable and strongly supported in these analyses (e.g. SAR, Rhizaria, Excavata), while the proposed supergroup ‘Chromalveolata’ is rejected. Further, extensive instability among photosynthetic lineages suggests the presence of systematic biases including endosymbiotic gene transfer from symbiont (nucleus or plastid) to host. Our analyses demonstrate that stable topologies of ancient evolutionary relationships can be achieved with broad taxonomic sampling and a moderate number of genes. Finally, taxonrich analyses such as presented here provide a method for testing the accuracy of relationships that receive high bootstrap support in phylogenomic analyses and enable placement of the multitude of lineages that lack genome scale data