Auto-ignition of near-ambient temperature H2/air mixtures during flame-vortex interaction

International audienceThis paper demonstrates auto-ignition in reactants at approximately 350 K, upstream of curved H 2 /air flame surfaces during flame/vortex interaction. Temperature fields were measured using laser Rayleigh scattering during head-on interactions of toroidal-vortices with stagnation flames. Repeatable ignition occurred along the ring of the vortex-slightly towards the center-when it was approximately 1 mm upstream of the wrinkled flame surface. The resultant outwardly propagating toroidal flame led to approximately twice the volumetric heat release rate over the duration of the interaction. The ignition occurred in a region of low fluid dynamic strain rate that was farther from the flame than the region of maximum vorticity. Evidence of additional ignition pockets was found upstream of other flame wrinkles, preferentially near the highest magnitude flame curvatures. Different hypotheses for explaining this observation are discussed. The possibility of substantial heat release driven by auto-ignition and complicated diffusion has implications for reaction rate closure models and transport models used in turbulent combustion simulations

Experimental study on curvature effects and preferential diffusion for perturbed laminar premixed ammonia-air flames

Ammonia-air flames are known for low reactivity and have been posing as a huge hindrance in employing the chemical as a sustainable fuel of tomorrow. Curvature is a parameter that could influence the flame structure and so the position of the maximum heat release rate. Flame-acoustic interactions on a Bunsen burner are performed to study the local flame response to highly perturbed flows. NH2* chemiluminescence is used to study the reactivity of these flames. Non-perturbed flames are used as a reference to understand the inherent behaviour of Bunsen ammonia flames. A case study has been chosen for an equivalence ratio ranging between 1.0 and 1.4 at atmospheric conditions to study perturbed flames. The objective is to study the effect of curvature induced by the perturbations on the reactivity of the flame. It was seen that this given case study was quite complex as the flame response was to multiple factors like the effect of Lewis number, convective-diffusion velocities, decomposition of ammonia into hydrogen, thereby, promoting preferential diffusion of hydrogen in both large-scale and locally for certain cases apart from the generated acoustic perturbation which itself dictates the flow regime of the fresh gases, etc. Since the Damköhler number was around 1, the perturbation time scales and the reactivity time scales were comparable and so none of the effects could be ignored. It was concluded that for richer flames where Le>1, the negative curvature promoted the production of hydrogen leading to local enhancement in reactivity. A change in the local thickness due to the induced curvature was seen for all conditions

Isolating strain and curvature effects in premixed flame/vortex interactions

This study focuses on the response of premixed flames to a transient hydrodynamic perturbation in an intermediate situation between laminar stretched flames and turbulent flames: an axisymmetric vortex interacting with a flame. The reasons motivating this choice are discussed in the framework of turbulent combustion models and flame response to the stretch rate. We experimentally quantify the dependence of the flame kinematic properties (displacement and consumption speeds) to geometrical scalars (stretch rate and curvature) in flames characterized by different effective Lewis numbers. Whilst the displacement speed can be readily measured using particle image velocimetry and tomographic diagnostics, providing a reliable estimate of the consumption speed from experiments remains particularly challenging. In the present work, a method based on a budget of fuel on a well chosen domain is proposed and validated both experimentally and numerically using two-dimensional direct numerical simulations of flame/vortex interactions. It is demonstrated that the Lewis number impact neither the geometrical nor the kinematic features of the flames, these quantities being much more influenced by the vortex intensity. While interacting with the vortex, the flame displacement (at an isotherm close to the leading edge) and consumption speeds are found to increase almost independently of the type of fuel. We show that the total stretch rate is not the only scalar quantity impacting the flame displacement and consumption speeds and that curvature has a significant influence. Experimental data are interpreted in the light of asymptotic theories revealing the existence of two distinct Markstein numbers, one characterizing the dependence of flame speed to curvature, the other to the total stretch rate. This theory appears to be well suited for representing the evolution of the displacement speed with respect to either the total stretch rate, curvature or strain rate. It also explains the limited dependence of the flame displacement speed to Lewis number and the strong correlation with curvature observed in the experiments. An explicit relationship between displacement and consumption speeds is also given, indicating that the fuel consumption rate is likely to be altered by both the total stretch rate and curvature

Meneco, a Topology-Based Gap-Filling Tool Applicable to Degraded Genome-Wide Metabolic Networks

International audienceIncreasing amounts of sequence data are becoming available for a wide range of non-model organisms. Investigating and modelling the metabolic behaviour of those organisms is highly relevant to understand their biology and ecology. As sequences are often incomplete and poorly annotated, draft networks of their metabolism largely suffer from incompleteness. Appropriate gap-filling methods to identify and add missing reactions are therefore required to address this issue. However, current tools rely on phenotypic or taxonomic information, or are very sensitive to the stoichiometric balance of metabolic reactions, especially concerning the co-factors. This type of information is often not available or at least prone to errors for newly-explored organisms. Here we introduce Meneco, a tool dedicated to the topological gap-filling of genome-scale draft metabolic networks. Meneco reformulates gap-filling as a qualitative combinatorial optimization problem, omitting constraints raised by the stoichiometry of a metabolic network considered in other methods, and solves this problem using Answer Set Programming. Run on several artificial test sets gathering 10,800 degraded Escherichia coli networks Meneco was able to efficiently identify essential reactions missing in networks at high degradation rates, outperforming the stoichiometry-based tools in scalability. To demonstrate the utility of Meneco we applied it to two case studies. Its application to recent metabolic networks reconstructed for the brown algal model Ectocarpus siliculosus and an associated bacterium Candidatus Phaeomarinobacter ectocarpi revealed several candidate metabolic pathways for algal-bacterial interactions. Then Meneco was used to reconstruct, from transcriptomic and metabolomic data, the first metabolic network for the microalga Euglena mutabilis. These two case studies show that Meneco is a versatile tool to complete draft genome-scale metabolic networks produced from heterogeneous data, and to suggest relevant reactions that explain the metabolic capacity of a biological system

Caractérisation des effets de l'ajout d'hydrogène et de la haute pression dans les flammes turbulentes de prémélange méthane/air

This experimental work aims at increasing the understanding of turbulent premixed methane/air flames for different pressures and different hydrogen enrichments. This study was performed with a Bunsen burner located inside a pressure chamber. We investigated phenomena occurring during combustion thanks to optical diagnostics. Planar tomography was used to study the macroscopic structure of the flame and planar Rayleigh scattering to investigate the internal structure of the flame. All these experimental information were used to test different combustion models.Ce travail de thèse expérimental vise à améliorer la compréhension des flammes turbulentes de prémélange méthane/air pour différents cas de pression et différents enrichissements en hydrogène. L'étude est effectuée à l'aide d'un brûleur de type Bunsen placé dans une chambre de combustion haute pression. Une meilleure compréhension des phénomènes mis en jeu est rendue possible par l'utilisation de diagnostics optiques. La structure macroscopique de la flamme est étudiée à l'aide du diagnostic de tomographie par plan laser, la structure interne de la flamme à l'aide du diagnostic de diffusion Rayleigh 2D. Ces informations sont largement utilisées pour tester différents modèles de combustion

Caractérisation des effets de l'ajout d'hydrogène et de la haute pression dans les flammes turbulentes de prémélange méthane-air

Ce travail de thèse expérimental vise à améliorer la compréhension des flammes turbulentes de prémélange méthane/air pour différents cas de pression et différents enrichissements en hydrogène. L'étude est effectuée à l'aide d'un brûleur de type Bunsen placé dans une chambre de combustion haute pression. Une meilleure compréhension des phénomènes mis en jeu est rendue possible par l'utilisation de diagnostics optiques. La structure macroscopique de la flamme est étudiée à l'aide du diagnostic de tomographie par plan laser, la structure interne de la flamme à l'aide du diagnostic de diffusion Rayleigh 2D. Ces informations sont largement utilisées pour tester différents modèles de combustion.ORLEANS-BU Sciences (452342104) / SudocSudocFranceF

Experimental Study of the Diluent Influence (N2, He, Ar) On Stable Premixed Methane Flame in a Quartz Micro Flow Reactor

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Experimental study of the morphology of two-phase flame instabilities in microgravity

International audienceThis paper reports experimental studies of cellular flames instabilities in the case of an expanding two-phase spherical flame under microgravity conditions. The presence of liquid fuel droplets leads to the triggering of those instabilities on the flame surface (cracks or cellular) which have an extensive impact on flame behaviour, such as propagation speed and morphology. The main focus is to figure out on the interaction of the droplets with the propagating flame, and specifically on the possible correlation between the aerosol properties (i.e. droplets size and inter-distance) and the flame morphology. A high-speed shadowgraph technique is used along with a specific segmentation post-treatment to obtain a quantitative access to the flame propagation and morphology. In a second time, CH* chemiluminescence is used concurrently with high-speed ILIDS (Interferometric Laser Imaging for Droplet Sizing) or laser tomography for a simultaneous characterization of the flame structure and aerosol properties. By a comparison with equivalent gaseous flames, the impact of the two-phase configuration is assessed. It is shown that it not only triggers the instability earlier, but that it also decreases the minimum size within the cell population. In addition to the minimum and maximum cell sizes, the distribution of cell size is provided, the extrema of which gives a reliable characteristic size of the cell population

Investigations on the Flamelet Inner Structure of Turbulent Premixed Flames

International audiencePlanar Rayleigh scattering measurements were used to investigate the inner structure of flamelets in premixed turbulent Bunsen flames. Measurements were performed in a high pressure chamber, where pressure is varied from 0.3 to 0.9 MPa. Two lean equivalence ratios (0.6 and 0.7) of methane=air mixtures were studied. Local information regarding the thickness and the local curvature of the flamelets were obtained. It is observed that an increase of the equivalence ratio induces a decrease of the mean local flamelet thickness. When pressure is increased from 0.3 to 0.9 MPa, the mean flamelet thickness does not decrease as for laminar case. The different external phenomena (turbulence and stretch (curvature and strain rate)) which could explain this trend are investigated