31 research outputs found
Endoscopic sphincterotomy and risk of cholangiocarcinoma: a population-based cohort study in Finland and Sweden
Background and study aims: Elevated long-term risk of cholangiocarcinoma is reported after endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES), but in a previous study we found a trend towards a decreased risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association in a larger cohort with a longer follow-up. Patients and methods: Data concerning all patients having had an inpatient endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) were collected from the hospital discharge registries of Finland and Sweden. Incident cases of malignancy were identified through linkage to the nationwide Cancer Registries. Patients with a diagnosis of malignancy, before or within 2 years of the ERCP, were excluded. The cohorts were followed until a diagnosis of malignancy, death or emigration, or end of follow-up (end of 2010). The relative risk of malignancy was calculated as standardized incidence ratio (SIR) compared with the general population, inherently adjusting for age, gender, and calendar year of follow-up. Results: A total of 69â925 patients undergoing ERCP from 1976 through 2008 were included in the pooled cohort. ES was performed in 40â193 subjects. The risk of malignancy was elevated in the total cohort (SIRâ=â2.3; 95â% confidence interval [CI] 2.1â-â2.5) irrespective of whether ES was performed or not. The SIRs diminished with duration of follow-up. Conclusions: We found an elevated risk of malignancy both in the bile ducts alone and in the bile ducts, liver or pancreas together, after ERCP. The risk was the same, regardless of whether ES had been performed or not, so ES was unlikely to be the cause, and a common carcinogenic exposure previous to the ERCP procedure, possibly ductal gallstone disease, was more likely.Peer reviewe
A new CYP21A1P/CYP21A2 chimeric gene identified in an Italian woman suffering from classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia form
Background: More than 90% of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) cases are associated with mutations in the 21-hydroxylase gene (CYP21A2) in the HLA class III area on the short arm of chromosome 6p21.3. In this region, a 30 kb deletion produces a non functional chimeric gene with its 5âČ and 3âČ ends corresponding to CYP21A1P pseudogene and CYP21A2, respectively. To date, five different CYP21A1P/CYP21A2 chimeric genes have been found and characterized in recent studies. In this paper, we describe a new CYP21A1P/CYP21A2 chimera (CH-6) found in an Italian CAH patient. Methods Southern blot analysis and CYP21A2 sequencing were performed on the patient. In addition, in order to isolate the new CH-6 chimeric gene, two different strategies were used. Results: The CYP21A2 sequencing analysis showed that the patient was homozygote for the g.655C/A<G mutation and heterozygote for the p.P30L missense mutation. In addition, the promoter sequence revealed the presence, in heterozygosis, of 13 SNPs generally produced by microconversion events between gene and pseudogene. Southern blot analysis showed that the woman was heterozygote for the classic 30-kb deletion producing a new CYP21A1P/CYP21A2 chimeric gene (CH-6). The hybrid junction site was located between the end of intron 2 pseudogene, after the g.656C/A<G mutation, and the beginning of exon 3, before the 8 bp deletion. Consequently, CH-6 carries three mutations: the weak pseudogene promoter region, the p.P30L and the g.655C/A<G splice mutation. Conclusion: We describe a new CYP21A1P/CYP21A2 chimera (CH-6), associated with the HLA-B15, DR13 haplotype, in a young Italian CAH patient. © 2009 Concolino et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd
Socio-demographic, lifestyle and health characteristics among snus users and dual tobacco users in Stockholm County, Sweden
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Socio-demographic and lifestyle characteristics of snus users have not been systematically described. Such knowledge is pivotal for tobacco control efforts and for the assessment of health effects of snus use.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A cross-sectional study was conducted, based on the Stockholm Public Health Survey, including a population-based sample of 34,707 men and women aged 18-84 years. We examined how socio-demographic, lifestyle and health-related characteristics were associated with the prevalence of current daily snus use, smoking and dual tobacco use. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios of prevalence (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Low educational level (OR = 1.60, CI = 1.41-1.81 and OR = 1.49, CI = 1.17-1.89, for men and women respectively), as well as occupational class and low income were associated with snus use. Some unfavourable lifestyle characteristics, including risky alcohol consumption (males: OR = 1.81, CI = 1.63-2.02; females: OR = 1.79, CI = 1.45-2.20), binge drinking and low consumption of fruit and vegetables were also associated with snus use. In contrast, physical inactivity and overweight/obesity were not, nor was perceived health. The prevalence of smoking followed steeper gradients for social as well as lifestyle characteristics. Overweight and obese men were however less often smokers. Perceived poor general health and psychological distress were highly related to smoking. Social disadvantage, as well as unhealthy lifestyle and self-reported poor health were strongly associated with dual use. There were limited differences between men and women.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The social, lifestyle and health profiles of exclusive snus users in Stockholm County are less favourable than those of non-users of tobacco, but more advantageous than those of exclusive smokers. This knowledge should guide tobacco control measures as well as the interpretation of health risks linked to snus use.</p
"LÀxor befrÀmjar hÀlsa och vÀlstÄnd och förhindrar varje tillfÀlle till synd"
Sammanfattning
Under vÄr verksamhetsförlagda utbildning har vi trÀffat lÀrare som Àr skeptiska till lÀxan och ifrÄgasÀtter dess
effektivitet som pedagogiskt verktyg. Eftersom lÀxan spelar en vÀsentlig roll inom skolsystemet historiskt och idag
anser vi att den bör problematiseras. Vad sÀger forskningen och vad anser verksamma pedagoger om lÀxan?
VÄra frÄgestÀllningar Àr:
1 Vad Àr en lÀxa?
Vilka uppfattningar om lÀxans syfte finns i aktuell forskning och hos pedagoger idag?
3 Vilka positiva och negativa konsekvenser anses finnas? Finns det stöd för, respektive emot lÀxor i litteratur
och styrdokument?
Genom att lÀsa forskningsresultat, diskussionsmaterial och rapporter och genom att prata med lÀrare kartlade vi vilka
olika synsÀtt som finns. FrÄgan Àr komplex och resultaten Àr blandande. Det finns forskning som pekar pÄ förtjÀnster
med lÀxor medan annan forskning visar det motsatta. Forskare har uttryckt att det finns en mÀngd dilemman med
studier av denna typ dÄ det Àr mÄnga faktorer som spelar in: sÄ som elevers olikheter, elevers olika hemförhÄllanden
typ av lÀxa, syftet med lÀxan och lÀrarens uppföljning av lÀxan. Dessa dilemman gör att det Àr nÀst intill omöjligt att
avgöra om lÀxor har en positiv inverkan pÄ alla elevers skolgÄng. Vi har försökt kartlÀgga dessa olika faktorer.
UtifrÄn vÄr rapport har vi kommit fram till att lÀxan aldrig bör vara en förutsÀttning för elever att nÄ upp till mÄlen,
men att de mycket vÀl kan vara ett komplement till övrig undervisning. En förutsÀttning Àr dock att den dÄ Àr
utformad sÄ att alla elever kan slutföra den.
The relationships of empathy, oxytocin, and depression
Empathy, oxytocin, and depression are three subjects that are widely researched. Empathy means experiencing or understanding the emotions of an individual who is being observed. Oxytocin has frequently been shown to have a connection to lactation and labor. Depression is a common sickness that results in malfunctioning, suffering, and a shorter life. The mutual relationship and connection of all three has received limited research. The aim of this essay is to explore how they all relate to one another, to see what neural areas of involvement they have in common, and finally to see if there is a potential to administer oxytocin in order to alter empathy and/or depression. The sources used are published literature on the topics, found in for example Google Scholar and Worldcat. What was found was that both emotional and cognitive empathy have a positive relationship with oxytocin. Emotional empathy has in most research a positive relationship with depression while cognitive empathy seems to have a negative relationship with depression.Depression has a negative correlation with oxytocin. The neural areas of common involvement were amygdala, hippocampus, and cingulate cortex. Future research should look at how empathy, oxytocin, and depression affect each other, and why this happens. It is also important to look at the possibilities of affecting a neural area involved in empathy, oxytocin, and/or depression in order to make an impact on any of these factors
Wandering away from apartheid : A study on interracial bridging social capital in South African small-town society
Trust, cooperation and equal value. The purpose of the current study has been to present evidence of interracial bridging social capital between groups and individuals in South African small-town society. An ethnological field study has been executed by searching, observing and interviewing citizens at various meeting points in civil society where interracial interaction is taking place. The collected empirical data will be evaluated in relation to established theories regarding the importance of social capital in relation to political prospering of liberal democracies. This will be done in order to answer the question: in what way and in which spheres of South African society can evidence of bridging social capital be found? The discussion and conclusion will be dependent on to what extent bridging social capital is taking place in conjunction with interracial meetings. The research will be divided into three phases. The first phase will be presenting the idea of the research and the preparation of how it is going to be performed. The second phase demonstrates the execution of data gathering with the theories at its core. Finally, the third phase of the essay will be carried out by discussing the results and how it contributes to the existing science base (George and Bennet, 2005, p. 73). In conclusion, the study showed that bridging social capital is possible to find primarily in the spheres of education and Christian parishes close to communities where the middle and upper-class live.
Mehanizem motiviranja in motivacijske teorije
Bakgrund: I Sverige drabbas cirka 20 000 mÀnniskor varje Är av nÄgon demenssjukdom. Sjukdomen medför med tiden intellektuella, psykologiska, beteendemÀssiga och kroppsliga försÀmringar som kan medföra minskad initiativförmÄga och lidande. Genom att möjliggöra för personer med demenssjukdom att delta i aktiviteter som exempelvis musik, kan försÀmringar motverkas dÄ musik stimulerar bÄde kognitiva och fysiska funktioner. Syfte: Syftet med litteratursammanstÀllningen var att belysa musikens betydelse för personer med demenssjukdom. Metod: LitteratursammanstÀllningen inkluderade tio kvalitativa studier som valts frÄn databaserna Cinahl, PubMed och PsycINFO. Studierna har granskats och analyserats med inspiration av kvalitativ innehÄllsanalys. Resultat: Resultatet av litteratursammanstÀllningen visade att musik ökade livskvaliteten för personer med demenssjukdom och förbÀttrade interaktionen mellan dessa personer och vÄrdgivarna. Musik förbÀttrade Àven kommunikationen samt minskade beteendeförÀndringar. Konklusion: Resultatet visar pÄ att musik fördelaktigt kan anvÀndas i demensvÄrden för att frÀmja vÀlbefinnandet hos personer med demenssjukdom. Det finns emellertid ett behov av vidare forskning för att ytterligare kunna stödja fördelarna med musik i demensvÄrden.Background: Every year in Sweden nearly 20 000 people develop dementia. Dementia causes over time intellectual, psychological, behavioural and physical impairments which in turn can lead to decreased ability to take initiative and increased suffering. By providing people with dementia to participate in activities for instance music, impairments can be counteracted since music stimulate cognitive and physical functions. Aim: The aim is to illuminate the importance of music for people with dementia. Method: This litterature review include ten qualitative studies which were selected from the databases Cinahl, PubMed and PsycINFO. The chosen studies have been surveyed and analyzed with inspiration of a qualitative content analysis. Result: The result of the literature review showed that music increased quality of life for people with dementia and improved the interaction between patient and caregiver. Music also improved communication and reduced behavioral changes. Conclusion: Music can advantageously be used in dementa care in order to promote well-being for people with dementia. However, there is a need for further research to further support the benefits of music in dementia care
Music in dementia care : A literature review about the importance of music for people with dementia
Bakgrund: I Sverige drabbas cirka 20 000 mÀnniskor varje Är av nÄgon demenssjukdom. Sjukdomen medför med tiden intellektuella, psykologiska, beteendemÀssiga och kroppsliga försÀmringar som kan medföra minskad initiativförmÄga och lidande. Genom att möjliggöra för personer med demenssjukdom att delta i aktiviteter som exempelvis musik, kan försÀmringar motverkas dÄ musik stimulerar bÄde kognitiva och fysiska funktioner. Syfte: Syftet med litteratursammanstÀllningen var att belysa musikens betydelse för personer med demenssjukdom. Metod: LitteratursammanstÀllningen inkluderade tio kvalitativa studier som valts frÄn databaserna Cinahl, PubMed och PsycINFO. Studierna har granskats och analyserats med inspiration av kvalitativ innehÄllsanalys. Resultat: Resultatet av litteratursammanstÀllningen visade att musik ökade livskvaliteten för personer med demenssjukdom och förbÀttrade interaktionen mellan dessa personer och vÄrdgivarna. Musik förbÀttrade Àven kommunikationen samt minskade beteendeförÀndringar. Konklusion: Resultatet visar pÄ att musik fördelaktigt kan anvÀndas i demensvÄrden för att frÀmja vÀlbefinnandet hos personer med demenssjukdom. Det finns emellertid ett behov av vidare forskning för att ytterligare kunna stödja fördelarna med musik i demensvÄrden.Background: Every year in Sweden nearly 20 000 people develop dementia. Dementia causes over time intellectual, psychological, behavioural and physical impairments which in turn can lead to decreased ability to take initiative and increased suffering. By providing people with dementia to participate in activities for instance music, impairments can be counteracted since music stimulate cognitive and physical functions. Aim: The aim is to illuminate the importance of music for people with dementia. Method: This litterature review include ten qualitative studies which were selected from the databases Cinahl, PubMed and PsycINFO. The chosen studies have been surveyed and analyzed with inspiration of a qualitative content analysis. Result: The result of the literature review showed that music increased quality of life for people with dementia and improved the interaction between patient and caregiver. Music also improved communication and reduced behavioral changes. Conclusion: Music can advantageously be used in dementa care in order to promote well-being for people with dementia. However, there is a need for further research to further support the benefits of music in dementia care
"Det Àr ett mÄste" : en kvalitativ undersökning pÄ hur lÀrare ger uttryck för mÄngfalden kontra svenskhet i skolan
Uppsatsen Ă€r genomförd utifrĂ„n hermeneutikens kvalitativa metod, dĂ€r vĂ„r förhoppning har varit att uppnĂ„ en ökad förstĂ„else kring pedagogernas förhĂ„llningssĂ€tt till integration i skolan. Syftet med detta examensarbete Ă€r att undersöka vad lĂ€rare pĂ„ de besökta skolorna har för förhĂ„llningssĂ€tt till integration i skolan utifrĂ„n tvĂ„ perspektiv svenskhet kontra mĂ„ngfald. Studien genomfördes men hjĂ€lp av intervjufrĂ„gor eftersom respondenterna dĂ„ ges möjlighet att med egna ord presentera sina tankar kring Ă€mnet för studien. Det vi kom fram till i denna studie Ă€r att sprĂ„ket Ă€r en viktig bestĂ„ndsdel i integrering avelever oavsett om det Ă€r en mĂ„ngkulturell skola, en skola med kulturella olikheter, eller en svensk skola, en skola med elever med fĂ„ kulturella olikheter. Elevernas bakgrund ska inte ha nĂ„gon betydelse nĂ€r det gĂ€ller bemötandet eller bedömningen utan den ska vara likvĂ€rdig oavsett om det Ă€r en elev med annan bakgrund Ă€n svensk eller en elev med svensk bakgrund. Ett annat resultat i studien Ă€r att skolorna med dess pedagoger integrerar eleverna utifrĂ„n det generella âsvenskaâ eller utifrĂ„n det generella med olikheterna, dĂ€r sprĂ„ket igen Ă€r av vikt för integrationen
Den fysiska inomhusmiljön i förskolan : FörskollÀrarens syn pÄ den fysiska inomhusmiljön och hur den utformas pÄ sÀtt som stÀrker barns lÀrande
Syftet med denna studie Àr att fÄ inblick pÄ förskollÀrarnas syn kring den fysiska inomhusmiljöns betydelse för barns lÀrande. FrÄgestÀllningar som vi har Àr: Vad har förskollÀrare för syn pÄ den fysiska inomhusmiljön i förskolan? PÄ vilket sÀtt anser förskollÀrare att den fysiska inomhusmiljön kan ha betydelse för barns lÀrande? Samt Vilka möjligheter och begrÀnsningar upplever förskollÀrarna att de har vid utformningen av den fysiska inomhusmiljön i förskolan? Vi har genomfört semistrukturerade intervjuer med Ätta förskollÀrare. Resultat visar att verksamheten som har en bra fysisk inomhusmiljö upplevs har stor betydelse för barns lÀrande samt att utformning av den fysiska inomhusmiljön upplevs kunna frÀmja men ocksÄ försvÄra barns lÀrande. En slutsats av studien Àr att förskollÀrarnas förhÄllningssÀtt och pedagogiska grundsyn kan pÄverka hur de vÀljer att utforma den fysiska inomhusmiljö