Connected with God: Body, the social, and the transcendent

The special issue Connected with God: Body, the Social, and the Transcendent addresses the very topical question of the architecture of religious, especially Christian, experiences. Specifically, it examines the processes in which Christians experience the connection with, and gain knowledge of, God in and through the body, and, in particular, the role of social relatedness and morality in generating and informing these experiences. The issue challenges the view of an individual subjective relationship with God, and argues that Christian experiences of God’s presence are not solely a matter of an individual’s relationship with the divine but are very much made possible, guided, and conceptualised through corporeal relationships with social others – believers and other fellow-humans. Through detailed ethnographic and historical examination, the issue also addresses the question of whether and how the form of Christianity practised influences people’s experiences of divine presence

Esteettömyys ja saavutettavuus sarjakuvatapahtumassa

Opinnäytetyössä tarkastellaan Joensuussa järjestetyn sarjakuva-aiheisen tapahtuman, Joensuun sarjistapahtuman, esteettömyyttä ja saavutettavuutta. Sarjakuvatapahtuma oli ensimmäinen laatuaan Pohjois-Karjalassa. Esteettömyys ja saavutettavuus koskevat suurimmaksi osaksi viestinnällisiä asioita tapahtuman järjestämisessä, mutta myös liikuntaesteisten saavutettavuus on otettu huomioon. Toimeksiantaja, Joensuun pääkirjasto, oli mukana sarjakuvatapahtuman luomisessa sekä markkinointiapuna. Joensuun sarjistapahtumaa oli järjestämässä kaksi opiskelijaa, joista molemmat tekivät oman erillisen opinnäytetyön. Tämä opinnäytetyö keskittyy saavutettavuuteen ja esteettömyyteen, ja Laura Räsänen keskittyi itse Joensuun sarjistapahtuman järjestämiseen. Opinnäytetyö sisältää tietoa siitä, miten Joensuun sarjistapahtumassa toimittiin esteettömyyden ja saavutettavuuden kannalta ja mitä pitäisi ottaa huomioon samankaltaista tapahtumaa järjestettäessä tulevaisuudessa. Toiminnallisen osuuden tuloksena on tarkistuslista, jota voidaan hyödyntää tulevaisuuden sarjakuvatapahtumia järjestettäessä. Palautekysely toi paljon tietoa seuraavia Joensuussa järjestettäviä sarjakuvatapahtumia varten. Se sisälsi suurimmaksi osaksi tapahtuman järjestämiseen ja sen onnistumiseen liittyviä kysymyksiä, mutta myös saavutettavuutta oli tarkasteltu. Suurin osa kävijöistä oli sitä mieltä, että Joensuun sarjistapahtumaa markkinoitiin tarpeeksi etukäteen ja opasteet tapahtumassa olivat selkeitä.The goal of this study was to observe the accessibility of a comics event ‘Joensuun sarjistapahtuma’ that was held in Joensuu. The comics event was the first of its kind in North Karelia. Accessibility in this thesis is mostly related to communications in organizing the event, but also the accessibility of physically handicapped people has been taken into consideration. The regional library of Joensuu was involved in the creation of the comics event and it also helped with marketing. There were two students organizing the event ‘Joensuun sarjistapahtuma’, and both of them made their own individual thesis. This study focuses on accessibility, and Laura Räsänen focused on the creation of the comic event. This study includes information on how things were done relative to accessibility and what should be taken into consideration when making an event of the same kind in the future. The result of the functional part was a checklist which can be utilised in the creation of the future comics events. A questionary brought a lot of information for the next comics events in Joensuu. The questionary mostly included questions related to the creation of the event and its success, but also accessibility has been analysed. Most of the visitors in the event thought that the event was marketed enough beforehand, and the signposts were lucid

Development and Validation of a UHPLC-MS/MS Method for the Analysis of Fusarium Mycotoxins in Onion

Fusarium basal rot (FBR) of onion is a serious disease problem worldwide. The Fusarium species causing FBR can also produce mycotoxins that are potentially harmful to humans and animals. In this study, a multiple reaction monitoring technique with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (MRM UHPLC-MS/MS) was developed and validated for onion matrix to study Fusarium mycotoxins in the harvested onions. This study was focused on fumonisins B-1, B-2, and B-3 (FB1, FB2, and FB3), beauvericin (BEA), and moniliformin (MON), which are the main mycotoxins produced by Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium proliferatum. In the in-house validated protocol, the onion samples were extracted with methanol:water (3:1) using magnetic stirring for 15 min. FBs and BEA were determined directly from the filtered extracts, whereas MON required sample concentration prior to analysis. No cleanup of extracts was needed prior to analysis. The target mycotoxins were separated on an Acquity UPLC system BEH C18 column with gradient elution. Mycotoxins were identified and quantified using C-13-FB1 as internal standard. Minor matrix effect was compensated using multi-point matrix-matched calibration curves with uninfected onion sample. For the mycotoxins studied, a good linearity was obtained (R-2 >= 0.99) and the recoveries were in the range of 67-122%, with the highest standard deviation for MON, 22%. The limits of quantification were from 2.5 to 10 ng g(-1) in onion matrix. The method was successfully employed for the analysis of mycotoxins in harvested onions showing FBR symptoms and found to be infected with F. oxysporum and F. proliferatum.Peer reviewe

Spreading of Trioza apicalis and development of "Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum" infection on carrot in the field conditions

Carrot cultivation in Europe is suffering from infections with "Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum" (CLso), a psyllid-transmitted bacterial pathogen. In this study, field experiments were carried out in Finland to separately measure the effects of psyllid feeding damage and CLso infection on the carrot root growth and to reveal the dynamics of the spreading of CLso within the field. Most of the experiments were carried out during the summers 2016 and 2017, and a follow-up sampling was performed in 2018. Carrot psyllid (Trioza apicalis) flight activity was monitored and carrots were sampled at 25 points within the field. Early in the season a clear spatial correlation was found between the sampling sites showing the psyllid feeding damage, that is, leaf-curling, up to the range of 40-60 m, indicating aggregation behaviour of the psyllids. No CLso infections were detected in the first sampling, which was performed before the psyllid flight peak in both years. Later, a positive correlation between the psyllid feeding damage and the CLso titre was observed. An increase in the CLso titre occurred approximately a month after the psyllid flight peak, and this increase correlated with the accumulating effective temperature sum. In 2016, both the psyllid feeding damage and CLso infection had a significant effect on the carrot root weight. The effect of CLso titre on root weight was nonlinear, that is, it intensified rapidly at the highest bacterial titres. During the colder summer of 2017 the CLso titres did not reach high enough levels in the plants to cause substantial visible symptoms and root growth reduction. Thus, it seems that in the Nordic conditions the effect of CLso infection on carrot yield is strongly dependent on the weather conditions during the growing season.Peer reviewe

Do Fusarium fungi produce mycotoxins in onion crop?

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A novel haplotype of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' found in Apiaceae and Polygonaceae family plants

A previously unknown haplotype of the plant pathogen 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' (Lso) was found in cultivated carrots and parsnips in eastern Finland. That same haplotype was found in western Finland, over 300 km away, in the family Polygonaceae, the species Fallopia convolvulus (wild buckwheat) and Persicaria lapathifolia (pale persicaria) growing as weeds within carrot and parsnip fields. The infected plants, both apiaceous and polygonaceous, showed symptoms of foliar discolouration. This is the first report of Lso bacteria in plants of the family Polygonaceae. The finding that the polygonaceous plants infected with a previously unknown haplotype of Lso were growing among the apiaceous plants infected with Lso haplotype C suggests that these two haplotypes might be transmitted by different vectors. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the new haplotype, called haplotype H, is distinct from the previously characterized haplotypes and appears to have diverged early from their common ancestor. Multi-locus sequence analysis revealed four different sequence types (strains) within the haplotype H. These findings suggest that the haplotype H is likely to be endemic in northern Europe and that the genetic diversity within the Lso species is higher than previously assumed.Peer reviewe

Carrot Pathogen 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' Haplotype C Detected in Symptomless Potato Plants in Finland

'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' (CLso) haplotype C, a bacterial pathogen transmitted by the carrot psyllid Trioza apicalis, causes yield losses in carrot production. Due to concerns that this pathogen might also threaten potato ( Solanum tuberosum) production, the occurrence of CLso in cultivated and volunteer potatoes in Tavastia Proper and Satakunta regions of Finland was studied. Volunteer potato plants were found in 13 of the 27 inspected carrot fields. Of the 148 potato samples tested by PCR, eight volunteer potato plants and one cultivated potato grown at the edge of a carrot field were found to be CLso positive. The PCR products obtained from these potatoes with primers OA2/OI2c, LpFrag4-1611F/LpFrag4-480R and CL514F/CL514R all showed 100% sequence identity to CLso haplotype C. This is the first observation of CLso haplotype C in field-grown potatoes. In addition, transmission experiments were performed. Attempts to transmit CLso into potato with carrot psyllids were not successful; however, CLso haplotype C was transmitted from infected carrots to potato plants by leaf grafting and by phloem connection formed by dodder, a parasitic plant, and found to survive in the potato plants for several weeks after transmission. However, the bacterial colonisation progressed slowly in the potato phloem and the amount of bacteria detected was low. The plants produced from the daughter tubers of the CLso-positive potato plants were all CLso negative, suggesting that CLso haplotype C was not able to pass to the daughter plants. None of the CLso-positive potatoes inoculated in greenhouse or collected from fields showed symptoms characteristic of zebra chip disease, associated with CLso haplotypes A and B.Peer reviewe

Christianity and politics

The editorial presents the conference "Religion and Politics" arranged by the Centre for the Study of Christian Cultures at the University of Turku in November 2018. Articles 3-7 of the current issue are based on papers presented at the conference.</p

Christianity and politics

The editorial presents the conference "Religion and Politics" arranged by the Centre for the Study of Christian Cultures at the University of Turku in November 2018. Articles 3-7 of the current issue are based on papers presented at the conference.publishedVersionPeer reviewe