6,972 research outputs found
Searching for the reference point
Although reference dependence plays a central role in explaining behavior, little is known about the way that reference points are selected. This paper identifies empirically which reference point people use in decision under risk. We assume a comprehensive reference-dependent model that nests the main reference-dependent theories, including prospect theory, and that allows for isolating the reference point rule from other behavioral parameters. Our experiment involved high stakes with payoffs up to a week's salary. We used an optimal design to select the choices in the experiment and Bayesian hierarchical modeling for estimation. The most common reference points were the status quo and a security level (the maximum of the minimal outcomes of the prospects in a choice). We found little support for the use of expectations-based reference points
The Anomaly in the Candidate Microlensing Event PA-99-N2
The lightcurve of PA-99-N2, one of the recently announced microlensing
candidates towards M31, shows small deviations from the standard Paczynski
form. We explore a number of possible explanations, including correlations with
the seeing, the parallax effect and a binary lens. We find that the
observations are consistent with an unresolved RGB or AGB star in M31 being
microlensed by a binary lens. We find that the best fit binary lens mass ratio
is about one hundredth, which is one of most extreme values found for a binary
lens so far. If both the source and lens lie in the M31 disk, then the standard
M31 model predicts the probable mass range of the system to be 0.02-3.6 solar
masses (95 % confidence limit). In this scenario, the mass of the secondary
component is therefore likely to be below the hydrogen-burning limit. On the
other hand, if a compact halo object in M31 is lensing a disk or spheroid
source, then the total lens mass is likely to lie between 0.09-32 solar masses,
which is consistent with the primary being a stellar remnant and the secondary
a low mass star or brown dwarf. The optical depth (or alternatively the
differential rate) along the line of sight toward the event indicates that a
halo lens is more likely than a stellar lens provided that dark compact objects
comprise no less than 15 per cent (or 5 per cent) of haloes.Comment: Latex, 23 pages, 9 figures, in press at The Astrophysical Journa
Measuring ambiguity attitude: (Extended) multiplier preferences for the American and the Dutch population
Empirical studies of ambiguity aversion often use measures that are not grounded in theory. This paper shows how a theoretically-founded measure of ambiguity aversion can be derived from Hansen and Sargentâs theory of multiplier preferences. Multiplier preferences are used in macroeconomics to capture model uncertainty. At the micro level, they have not been applied yet, because they do not permit ambiguity seeking, which is usually observed for a substantial proportion of subjects. We give a preference foundation for (extended) multiplier preferences accommodating both ambiguity aversion and ambiguity seeking and we propose a simple method to measure them using matching probabilities. We illustrate our method in two large representative samples (Dutch and American) and obtain the first micro estimates of multiplier preferences
TheÌra, Variational sum of monotone operators
The sum of (nonlinear) maximal monotone operators is reconsidered from the Yosida approximation and graph-convergence point of view. This leads to a new concept, called variational sum, which coincides with the classical (pointwise) sum when the classical sum happens to be maximal monotone. In the case of subdifferentials of convex lower semicontinuous proper functions, the variational sum is equal to the subdifferential of the sum of the functions. A general feature of the variational sum is to involve not only the values of the two operators at the given point but also their values at nearby points
Survival of branching random walks in random environment
We study survival of nearest-neighbour branching random walks in random
environment (BRWRE) on . A priori there are three different
regimes of survival: global survival, local survival, and strong local
survival. We show that local and strong local survival regimes coincide for
BRWRE and that they can be characterized with the spectral radius of the first
moment matrix of the process. These results are generalizations of the
classification of BRWRE in recurrent and transient regimes. Our main result is
a characterization of global survival that is given in terms of Lyapunov
exponents of an infinite product of i.i.d. random matrices.Comment: 17 pages; to appear in Journal of Theoretical Probabilit
Mrk 421, Mrk 501, and 1ES 1426+428 at 100 GeV with the CELESTE Cherenkov Telescope
We have measured the gamma-ray fluxes of the blazars Mrk 421 and Mrk 501 in
the energy range between 50 and 350 GeV (1.2 to 8.3 x 10^25 Hz). The detector,
called CELESTE, used first 40, then 53 heliostats of the former solar facility
"Themis" in the French Pyrenees to collect Cherenkov light generated in
atmospheric particle cascades. The signal from Mrk 421 is often strong. We
compare its flux with previously published multi-wavelength studies and infer
that we are straddling the high energy peak of the spectral energy
distribution. The signal from Mrk 501 in 2000 was weak (3.4 sigma). We obtain
an upper limit on the flux from 1ES 1426+428 of less than half that of the Crab
flux near 100 GeV. The data analysis and understanding of systematic biases
have improved compared to previous work, increasing the detector's sensitivity.Comment: 15 pages, 14 figures, accepted to A&A (July 2006) August 19 --
corrected error in author lis
\pi\pi, K\pi and \pi N potential scattering and a prediction of a narrow \sigma meson resonance
Low energy scattering and bound state properties of the \pi N, \pi\pi and
K\pi systems are studied as coupled channel problems using inversion potentials
of phase shift data. In a first step we apply the potential model to explain
recent measurements of pionic hydrogen shift and width. Secondly, predictions
of the model for pionium lifetime and shift confirm a well known and widely
used effective range expression. Thirdly, as extension of this confirmation, we
predict an unexpected medium effect of the pionium lifetime which shortens by
several orders of magnitude. The \sigma meson shows a narrow resonance
structure as a function of the medium modified mass with the implication of
being essentially energy independent. Similarly, we see this medium resonance
effect realized for the K\pi system. To support our findings we present also
results for the \rho meson and the \Delta(1232) resonance.Comment: 42 pages, 17 PS figures, REFTeX, epsfig.sty needed, submitted to
Phys. Re
From error bounds to the complexity of first-order descent methods for convex functions
This paper shows that error bounds can be used as effective tools for
deriving complexity results for first-order descent methods in convex
minimization. In a first stage, this objective led us to revisit the interplay
between error bounds and the Kurdyka-\L ojasiewicz (KL) inequality. One can
show the equivalence between the two concepts for convex functions having a
moderately flat profile near the set of minimizers (as those of functions with
H\"olderian growth). A counterexample shows that the equivalence is no longer
true for extremely flat functions. This fact reveals the relevance of an
approach based on KL inequality. In a second stage, we show how KL inequalities
can in turn be employed to compute new complexity bounds for a wealth of
descent methods for convex problems. Our approach is completely original and
makes use of a one-dimensional worst-case proximal sequence in the spirit of
the famous majorant method of Kantorovich. Our result applies to a very simple
abstract scheme that covers a wide class of descent methods. As a byproduct of
our study, we also provide new results for the globalization of KL inequalities
in the convex framework.
Our main results inaugurate a simple methodology: derive an error bound,
compute the desingularizing function whenever possible, identify essential
constants in the descent method and finally compute the complexity using the
one-dimensional worst case proximal sequence. Our method is illustrated through
projection methods for feasibility problems, and through the famous iterative
shrinkage thresholding algorithm (ISTA), for which we show that the complexity
bound is of the form where the constituents of the bound only depend
on error bound constants obtained for an arbitrary least squares objective with
regularization
The CAT Imaging Telescope for Very-High-Energy Gamma-Ray Astronomy
The CAT (Cherenkov Array at Themis) imaging telescope, equipped with a
very-high-definition camera (546 fast phototubes with 0.12 degrees spacing
surrounded by 54 larger tubes in two guard rings) started operation in Autumn
1996 on the site of the former solar plant Themis (France). Using the
atmospheric Cherenkov technique, it detects and identifies very high energy
gamma-rays in the range 250 GeV to a few tens of TeV. The instrument, which has
detected three sources (Crab nebula, Mrk 421 and Mrk 501), is described in
detail.Comment: 24 pages, 15 figures. submitted to Elsevier Preprin
An influenza A virus can evolve to use human ANP32E through altering polymerase dimerization
Human ANP32A and ANP32B are essential but redundant host factors for influenza virus genome replication. While most influenza viruses cannot replicate in edited human cells lacking both ANP32A and ANP32B, some strains exhibit limited growth. Here, we experimentally evolve such an influenza A virus in these edited cells and unexpectedly, after 2 passages, we observe robust viral growth. We find two mutations in different subunits of the influenza polymerase that enable the mutant virus to use a novel host factor, ANP32E, an alternative family member, which is unable to support the wild type polymerase. Both mutations reside in the symmetric dimer interface between two polymerase complexes and reduce polymerase dimerization. These mutations have previously been identified as adapting influenza viruses to mice. Indeed, the evolved virus gains the ability to use suboptimal mouse ANP32 proteins and becomes more virulent in mice. We identify further mutations in the symmetric dimer interface which we predict allow influenza to adapt to use suboptimal ANP32 proteins through a similar mechanism. Overall, our results suggest a balance between asymmetric and symmetric dimers of influenza virus polymerase that is influenced by the interaction between polymerase and ANP32 host proteins
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