3,947 research outputs found
The Stalwart Christian
The characteristics of a stalwart Christian are: 1)regenerated; 2) earnest; 3)lives among realities; 4)not easy to take offense; 5)intelligent; 6)willing worker; 7)tither; and 8)attendant.https://place.asburyseminary.edu/ecommonsatsdigitalresources/1206/thumbnail.jp
Molecular characterization of mesophilic and thermophilic sulfate reducing microbial communities in expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactors
The microbial communities established in mesophilic and thermophilic expanded granular sludge bed reactors operated with sulfate as the electron acceptor were analyzed using 16S rRNA targeted molecular methods, including denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, cloning, and phylogenetic analysis. Bacterial and archaeal communities were examined over 450 days of operation treating ethanol (thermophilic reactor) or ethanol and later a simulated semiconductor manufacturing wastewater containing citrate, isopropanol, and polyethylene glycol 300 (mesophilic reactor), with and without the addition of copper(II). Analysis, of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA gene fragments using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis revealed a defined shift in microbial diversity in both reactors following a change in substrate composition (mesophilic reactor) and in temperature of operation from 30 degrees C to 55 degrees C (thermophilic reactor). The addition of copper(II) to the influent of both reactors did not noticeably affect the composition of the bacterial or archaeal communities, which is in agreement with the very low soluble copper concentrations (3-310 microg l(-1)) present in the reactor contents as a consequence of extensive precipitation of copper with biogenic sulfides. Furthermore, clone library analysis confirmed the phylogenetic diversity of sulfate-reducing consortia in mesophilic and thermophilic sulfidogenic reactors operated with simple substrate
When Twilight Slowly Gathers
https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/mmb-vp/5974/thumbnail.jp
Quantifying engineered nanomaterial toxicity: comparison of common cytotoxicity and gene expression measurements
BACKGROUND: When evaluating the toxicity of engineered nanomaterials (ENMS) it is important to use multiple bioassays based on different mechanisms of action. In this regard we evaluated the use of gene expression and common cytotoxicity measurements using as test materials, two selected nanoparticles with known differences in toxicity, 5 nm mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA)-capped InP and CdSe quantum dots (QDs). We tested the effects of these QDs at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 160 µg/mL on cultured normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells using four common cytotoxicity assays: the dichlorofluorescein assay for reactive oxygen species (ROS), the lactate dehydrogenase assay for membrane viability (LDH), the mitochondrial dehydrogenase assay for mitochondrial function, and the Comet assay for DNA strand breaks. RESULTS: The cytotoxicity assays showed similar trends when exposed to nanoparticles for 24 h at 80 µg/mL with a threefold increase in ROS with exposure to CdSe QDs compared to an insignificant change in ROS levels after exposure to InP QDs, a twofold increase in the LDH necrosis assay in NHBE cells with exposure to CdSe QDs compared to a 50% decrease for InP QDs, a 60% decrease in the mitochondrial function assay upon exposure to CdSe QDs compared to a minimal increase in the case of InP and significant DNA strand breaks after exposure to CdSe QDs compared to no significant DNA strand breaks with InP. High-throughput quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) data for cells exposed for 6 h at a concentration of 80 µg/mL were consistent with the cytotoxicity assays showing major differences in DNA damage, DNA repair and mitochondrial function gene regulatory responses to the CdSe and InP QDs. The BRCA2, CYP1A1, CYP1B1, CDK1, SFN and VEGFA genes were observed to be upregulated specifically from increased CdSe exposure and suggests their possible utility as biomarkers for toxicity. CONCLUSIONS: This study can serve as a model for comparing traditional cytotoxicity assays and gene expression measurements and to determine candidate biomarkers for assessing the biocompatibility of ENMs.1R01GM84702-01 - National Institute of General Medical Science
Rotational Evolution During Type I X-Ray Bursts
The rotation rates of six weakly-magnetic neutron stars accreting in low-mass
X-ray binaries have most likely been measured by Type I X-ray burst
observations with RXTE. The nearly coherent oscillations detected during the
few seconds of thermonuclear burning are most simply understood as rotational
modulation of brightness asymmetries on the neutron star surface. We show that,
as suggested by Strohmayer and colleagues, the frequency changes of 1-2 Hz
observed during bursts are consistent with angular momentum conservation as the
burning shell hydrostatically expands and contracts. We calculate how vertical
heat propagation through the radiative outer layers of the atmosphere and
convection affect the coherence of the oscillation. We show that the evolution
of the rotational profile depends strongly on whether the burning layers are
composed of pure helium or mixed hydrogen/helium. Our results help explain the
absence (presence) of oscillations from hydrogen-burning (helium-rich) bursts
that was found by Muno and collaborators.
We investigate angular momentum transport within the burning layers and the
recoupling of the burning layers with the star. We show that the
Kelvin-Helmholtz instability is quenched by the strong stratification, and that
mixing between the burning fuel and underlying ashes by the baroclinic
instability does not occur. However, the baroclinic instability may have time
to operate within the differentially rotating burning layer, potentially
bringing it into rigid rotation.Comment: To appear in The Astrophysical Journal; minor corrections made to
tables and figure
Scouting for Thrips in Orchid Flowers
Three monitoring methods are direct observation, flower shake, and the Berlese funnel, the latter being most accurate; instructions for constructing the funnel are given
Falling down a flight of stairs: the impact of age and intoxication on injury pattern and severity
Background
Falling down a flight of stairs is a common injury mechanism in major
trauma patients, but little research has been undertaken into the impact of
age and alcohol intoxication on the injury patterns of these patients.
Objectives
The objective of this study was to compare the impact of age and alcohol
intoxication on injury pattern and severity in patients who fell down a flight
of stairs.
Methods
This was a retrospective observational study of prospectively collected
trauma registry data from a major trauma centre in the United Kingdom
comparing older and younger adult patients admitted to the Emergency
Department following a fall down a flight of stairs between July 2012 and
March 2015.
Results
Older patients were more likely to suffer injuries to all body regions, and
sustained more severe injuries to the spine (AIS 2[IQR 2 – 3] vs AIS 2
[IQR 2 – 2] p<0.001). They were also more likely to suffer polytrauma
(23.6% vs 10.6%; p<0.001). Intoxicated patients were more likely to
suffer injuries to the head and neck (42.9% vs 30.5%; p=0.006) and were
significantly younger than sober patients (53 years vs 69 years; p<0.001).
Conclusion
Older patients who fall down a flight of stairs are significantly different
from their younger counterparts, with a different injury pattern and a
greater likelihood of polytrauma. In addition, alcohol intoxication also
affects injury pattern in people who have fallen down a flight of stairs,
increasing the risk of traumatic brain injury. Both age and intoxication
should be considered when managing these patients
Gradual acquisition of immunity to severe malaria with increasing exposure
Previous analyses have suggested that immunity to non-cerebral severe malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum is acquired after only a few infections, whereas longitudinal studies show that some children experience multiple episodes of severe disease, suggesting that immunity may not be acquired so quickly. We fitted a mathematical model for the acquisition and loss of immunity to severe disease to the age distribution of severe malaria cases stratified by symptoms from a range of transmission settings in Tanzania, combined with data from several African countries on the age distribution and overall incidence of severe malaria. We found that immunity to severe disease was acquired more gradually with exposure than previously thought. The model also suggests that physiological changes, rather than exposure, may alter the symptoms of disease with increasing age, suggesting that a later age at infection would be associated with a higher proportion of cases presenting with cerebral malaria regardless of exposure. This has consequences for the expected pattern of severe disease as transmission changes. Careful monitoring of the decline in immunity associated with reduced transmission will therefore be needed to ensure rebound epidemics of severe and fatal malaria are avoided
Automatic classification of takeaway food outlet cuisine type using machine (deep) learning
Background and purpose
Neighbourhood exposure to takeaway (‘fast’-) food outlets selling different cuisines may be differentially associated with diet, obesity and related disease, and contributing to population health inequalities. However research studies have not disaggregated takeaways by cuisine type. This is partly due to the substantial resource challenge of de novo manual classification of unclassified takeaway outlets at scale. We describe the development of a new model to automatically classify takeaway food outlets, by 10 major cuisine types, based on business name alone.
Material and methods
We used machine (deep) learning, and specifically a Long Short Term Memory variant of a Recurrent Neural Network, to develop a predictive model trained on labelled outlets (n=14,145), from an online takeaway food ordering platform. We validated the accuracy of predictions on unseen labelled outlets (n=4000) from the same source.
Results
Although accuracy of prediction varied by cuisine type, overall the model (or ‘classifier’) made a correct prediction approximately three out of four times. We demonstrated the potential of the classifier to public health researchers and for surveillance to support decision-making, through using it to characterise nearly 55,000 takeaway food outlets in England by cuisine type, for the first time.
Conclusions
Although imperfect, we successfully developed a model to classify takeaway food outlets, by 10 major cuisine types, from business name alone, using innovative data science methods. We have made the model available for use elsewhere by others, including in other contexts and to characterise other types of food outlets, and for further development.This study is funded by the National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) School of Public Health Research (Grant Reference Number PD-SPH-2015). The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care. This work was also supported by the MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge (Grant Reference Number MC/UU/00006/7). TBu is funded by the Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR), a UK Clinical Research Collaboration (UKCRC) Public Health Research Centre of Excellence. Funding from the British Heart Foundation, Cancer Research UK, Economic and Social Research Council, Medical Research Council, the National Institute of Health Research, and the Wellcome Trust (Grant Reference Number MR/K023187/1), under the auspices of the UK Clinical Research Collaboration, is gratefully acknowledged. These funders played no role in the study design; in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; and in the decision to submit the article for publication
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