79 research outputs found

    Determinants of serum concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in school children and the contribution of low-level PFAA-contaminated drinking water

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    Little is known about the demographic/life-style/physiological determinants explaining the variation of serum perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) concentrations in children. We identified significant determinants in children and investigated the influence of low-level PFAA-contaminated drinking water (DW) (<10 ng L−1 of single PFAAs) on serum concentrations. Four perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSAs) and 11 perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) were analyzed in serum from 5th grade children from 11 Swedish schools (N = 200; average age: 12 years) using liquid chromatography-tandem-mass-spectrometry. Data on demography and life-style/physiological factors were obtained by questionnaires. PFAA concentrations in raw and drinking water (DW) were obtained from the water works supplying DW to the schools. In multiple regression analyses school was the determinant contributing most to the variation in PFAA concentrations, with the lowest contribution for PFHpA (10%) and the highest for PFHxS (81%). Girls had lower adjusted mean concentrations of PFHxS, PFOS, PFNA and PFDA than boys, but a higher concentration of PFHxA. Girls reporting onset of menstruation had lower PFHxS and PFOA concentrations than other girls, suggesting menstrual bleeding elimination. Children born by mothers from less industrialized countries had lower mean concentrations of both PFSAs and PFCAs than children with mothers from highly industrialized countries, suggesting differences in early-life exposure. Life-style factors associated with paternal education levels appeared to influence PFAA concentrations differently than maternal education level. Already at an average DW PFHxS concentration of 2 ng L−1, children had a significantly higher adjusted mean serum PFHxS concentration than at an average DW concentration of <1.6 ng PFHxS L−1. Similar results were observed for PFOS and PFOA. The DW variable explained 16% (PFOA) to 78% (PFHxS) of the variation in serum PFAA concentrations, suggesting that low-level-contaminated DW is a significant source of exposure for children in Sweden. Although some of the associations, especially those with menstruation and maternal birth country, should be interpreted with extra caution due to the small size of the study, the results contribute to future work on identifying populations of children at risk of elevated PFAA exposures

    Oleic, Linoleic and Linolenic Acids Increase ROS Production by Fibroblasts via NADPH Oxidase Activation

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    The effect of oleic, linoleic and Îł-linolenic acids on ROS production by 3T3 Swiss and Rat 1 fibroblasts was investigated. Using lucigenin-amplified chemiluminescence, a dose-dependent increase in extracellular superoxide levels was observed during the treatment of fibroblasts with oleic, linoleic and Îł-linolenic acids. ROS production was dependent on the addition of ÎČ-NADH or NADPH to the medium. Diphenyleneiodonium inhibited the effect of oleic, linoleic and Îł-linolenic acids on fibroblast superoxide release by 79%, 92% and 82%, respectively. Increased levels of p47phox phosphorylation due to fatty acid treatment were detected by Western blotting analyses of fibroblast proteins. Increased p47phox mRNA expression was observed using real-time PCR. The rank order for the fatty acid stimulation of the fibroblast oxidative burst was as follows: Îł-linolenic > linoleic > oleic. In conclusion, oleic, linoleic and Îł-linolenic acids stimulated ROS production via activation of the NADPH oxidase enzyme complex in fibroblasts

    Association of urinary bisphenols and triclosan with thyroid function during early pregnancy

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    © 2019 The Authors. Background Bisphenols and triclosan are considered as potential thyroid disruptors. While mild alterations in maternal thyroid function can result in adverse pregnancy and child developmental outcomes, there is still uncertainty whether bisphenols or triclosan can interfere with thyroid function during pregnancy. Objectives We aimed to investigate the association of urinary bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol F (BPF) and triclosan with early pregnancy thyroid function. Methods This study was embedded in the Swedish Environmental Longitudinal, Mother and child, Asthma and allergy study (SELMA), a population-based prospective pregnancy cohort. In total, 1996 participants were included in the current study. Maternal urinary concentrations of three bisphenols and triclosan, collected at median (95% range) 10 (6–14) weeks of pregnancy as well as serum concentrations of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), total thyroxine (TT4), and total triiodothyronine (TT3) were measured. Results Higher BPA levels were associated with lower TT4 concentrations (non-monotonic, P = 0.03), a lower FT4/FT3 ratio (ÎČ [SE] -0.02 [0.01], P = 0.03) and a lower TT4/TT3 ratio (ÎČ [SE] -0.73 [0.27], P = 0.008). Higher BPF levels were associated with a higher FT3 (ÎČ [SE] 0.01 [0.007], P = 0.04). There were no associations between other bisphenols or triclosan and absolute TSH, (F)T4 or (F)T3 concentrations. The association of BPA with thyroid function differed with gestational age. The negative association of BPA with FT4/FT3 and TT4/TT3 ratios was only apparent in early but not late gestation (P for interaction: 0.003, 0.008, respectively). Conclusion These human data during pregnancy substantiate experimental findings suggesting that BPA could potentially affect thyroid function and deiodinase activities in early gestation.European Union of Medical Specialists; European Union's Horizon 2020 Programme for research; echnological development and demonstration; Swedish Research Council; County Council of VĂ€rmland, Swede

    A round robin approach to the analysis of bisphenol a (BPA) in human blood samples

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    BACKGROUND: Human exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) is ubiquitous, yet there are concerns about whether BPA can be measured in human blood. This Round Robin was designed to address this concern through three goals: 1) to identify collection materials, reagents and detection apparatuses that do not contribute BPA to serum; 2) to identify sensitive and precise methods to accurately measure unconjugated BPA (uBPA) and BPA-glucuronide (BPA-G), a metabolite, in serum; and 3) to evaluate whether inadvertent hydrolysis of BPA-G occurs during sample handling and processing. METHODS: Four laboratories participated in this Round Robin. Laboratories screened materials to identify BPA contamination in collection and analysis materials. Serum was spiked with concentrations of uBPA and/or BPA-G ranging from 0.09-19.5 (uBPA) and 0.5-32 (BPA-G) ng/mL. Additional samples were preserved unspiked as ‘environmental’ samples. Blinded samples were provided to laboratories that used LC/MSMS to simultaneously quantify uBPA and BPA-G. To determine whether inadvertent hydrolysis of BPA metabolites occurred, samples spiked with only BPA-G were analyzed for the presence of uBPA. Finally, three laboratories compared direct and indirect methods of quantifying BPA-G. RESULTS: We identified collection materials and reagents that did not introduce BPA contamination. In the blinded spiked sample analysis, all laboratories were able to distinguish low from high values of uBPA and BPA-G, for the whole spiked sample range and for those samples spiked with the three lowest concentrations (0.5-3.1 ng/ml). By completion of the Round Robin, three laboratories had verified methods for the analysis of uBPA and two verified for the analysis of BPA-G (verification determined by: 4 of 5 samples within 20% of spiked concentrations). In the analysis of BPA-G only spiked samples, all laboratories reported BPA-G was the majority of BPA detected (92.2 – 100%). Finally, laboratories were more likely to be verified using direct methods than indirect ones using enzymatic hydrolysis. CONCLUSIONS: Sensitive and accurate methods for the direct quantification of uBPA and BPA-G were developed in multiple laboratories and can be used for the analysis of human serum samples. BPA contamination can be controlled during sample collection and inadvertent hydrolysis of BPA conjugates can be avoided during sample handling

    Concentrations of phthalates and phenolic substances in urine from first-time mothers in Uppsala, Sweden: temporal trends 2009- 2018

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    Sedan 1996 samlas blod- och modersmjölksprover regelbundet in frĂ„n förstföderskor i Uppsala i den sĂ„ kallade POPUP-studien. Sedan 2009 tas ocksĂ„ ett urinprov. I denna rapport har tidstrender för ftalater och fenolĂ€ra Ă€mnen studerats i urinprov insamlade mellan 2009 och 2018. Ftalater och fenolĂ€ra Ă€mnen metaboliseras relativt snabbt i kroppen och för flertalet Ă€r det dĂ€rför en metabolit till sjĂ€lva huvudsubstansen som har analyserats. Totalt sett analyserades tolv metaboliter till sex ftalater, en metabolit till en ersĂ€ttningskemikalie till ftalater, metaboliter till tre fosforbaserade flamskyddsmedel, tvĂ„ pesticidmetaboliter samt Ă„tta fenolĂ€ra Ă€mnen, bland annat triclosan, bisfenol A, S och F. Analyserna utfördes av Lunds universitet. Syftet var att studera tidstrender för dessa olika Ă€mnen under perioden 2009-2018. Resultaten visade en nedĂ„tgĂ„ende tidstrend för de ftalater som hĂ„ller pĂ„ att fasas ut samtidigt som metaboliten för en ersĂ€ttare till ftalaterna ökade. Det omdiskuterade Ă€mnet bisfenol A och triclosan visade nedĂ„tgĂ„ende trender medan en ersĂ€ttningssubstans till bisfenol A, bisfenol F, snarare hade en omvĂ€nd u-formad kurva. Även en metabolit till insekticiden klorpyrifos minskade under perioden, möjligen som en konsekvens av att strĂ€ngare grĂ€nsvĂ€rden införts i EU. Analyser av urin gör det möjligt att studera hur befolkningens exponering för snabbmetaboliserande substanser ser ut. Genom att analysera prover över tid kan man studera hur befolkningens exponering förĂ€ndras efter att Ă„tgĂ€rder för att begrĂ€nsa vissa kemikalier satts in samt hur exponeringen för nya ersĂ€ttningskemikalier utvecklas

    Concentrations of phthalate metabolites and phenolic substances in urine from first-time mothers in Uppsala, Sweden, sampled 2019-2021 and temporal trends for the period 2009-2021

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    Sedan 1996 samlas blod- och modersmjölksprover regelbundet in frÄn förstföderskor i Uppsala i den sÄ kallade POPUP-studien. Sedan 2009 tas ocksÄ ett urinprov. I denna rapport redovisas halter av ftalater och fenolÀra Àmnen i urin frÄn förstföderskor provtagna 2019-2021 samt tidstrender för perioden 2009-2021. Ftalater och fenolÀra Àmnen metaboliseras relativt snabbt i kroppen och för flertalet Àr det dÀrför en metabolit till sjÀlva huvudsubstansen som har analyserats.Totalt sett analyserades tio metaboliter till sex ftalater, tvÄ metaboliter till en ersÀttningskemikalie till ftalater, tre bisfenoler, metaboliter till fyra fosforbaserade flamskyddsmedel (PFR), tvÄ pesticidmetaboliter, fyra metaboliter till Polycykliska aromatiska kolvÀten (PAH) samt de fenolÀra Àmnena triklosan och bensofenon-3 (BP-3) i urin. Analyserna utfördes av Lunds universitet. Resultaten visade att en metabolit till ftalaten dietylftalat (DEP) förekom i högst halter i urin, följt av sex andra metaboliter till olika ftalater och BP-3. För samtliga Àmnen lÄg halterna i urin frÄn mammor provtagna 2019-2021 under de föreslagna vÀgledande nivÄer (HBM-GV) som bedöms att inte innebÀr en risk för mÀnniskor. Tidstrenderna för perioden 2009-2021 visade nedÄtgÄende trender för de flesta av substanserna, t ex för ftalater, bisfenol A, en metabolit till insekticiden klorpyrifos och triklosan. För bisfenol S, som Àr en ersÀttare till bisfenol A, och för en metabolit till pyretroider (insekticider) sÄgs istÀllet ökande trender. Analyser av urin gör det möjligt att studera befolkningens exponering för snabbmetaboliserade substanser. Genom att analysera prover över tid kan man studera hur befolkningens exponering förÀndras efter att ÄtgÀrder för att begrÀnsa vissa kemikalier satts in samt hur exponeringen för nya ersÀttningskemikalier utvecklas

    Concentrations of phthalate metabolites and phenolic substances in urine from first-time mothers in Uppsala, Sweden, sampled 2019-2021 and temporal trends for the period 2009-2021

    No full text
    Sedan 1996 samlas blod- och modersmjölksprover regelbundet in frÄn förstföderskor i Uppsala i den sÄ kallade POPUP-studien. Sedan 2009 tas ocksÄ ett urinprov. I denna rapport redovisas halter av ftalater och fenolÀra Àmnen i urin frÄn förstföderskor provtagna 2019-2021 samt tidstrender för perioden 2009-2021. Ftalater och fenolÀra Àmnen metaboliseras relativt snabbt i kroppen och för flertalet Àr det dÀrför en metabolit till sjÀlva huvudsubstansen som har analyserats.Totalt sett analyserades tio metaboliter till sex ftalater, tvÄ metaboliter till en ersÀttningskemikalie till ftalater, tre bisfenoler, metaboliter till fyra fosforbaserade flamskyddsmedel (PFR), tvÄ pesticidmetaboliter, fyra metaboliter till Polycykliska aromatiska kolvÀten (PAH) samt de fenolÀra Àmnena triklosan och bensofenon-3 (BP-3) i urin. Analyserna utfördes av Lunds universitet. Resultaten visade att en metabolit till ftalaten dietylftalat (DEP) förekom i högst halter i urin, följt av sex andra metaboliter till olika ftalater och BP-3. För samtliga Àmnen lÄg halterna i urin frÄn mammor provtagna 2019-2021 under de föreslagna vÀgledande nivÄer (HBM-GV) som bedöms att inte innebÀr en risk för mÀnniskor. Tidstrenderna för perioden 2009-2021 visade nedÄtgÄende trender för de flesta av substanserna, t ex för ftalater, bisfenol A, en metabolit till insekticiden klorpyrifos och triklosan. För bisfenol S, som Àr en ersÀttare till bisfenol A, och för en metabolit till pyretroider (insekticider) sÄgs istÀllet ökande trender. Analyser av urin gör det möjligt att studera befolkningens exponering för snabbmetaboliserade substanser. Genom att analysera prover över tid kan man studera hur befolkningens exponering förÀndras efter att ÄtgÀrder för att begrÀnsa vissa kemikalier satts in samt hur exponeringen för nya ersÀttningskemikalier utvecklas

    Concentrations of phthalate metabolites and phenolic substances in urine from first-time mothers in Uppsala, Sweden: temporal trends 2009-2014

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    POPUP studien startade 1996, dĂ€r blod- och modersmjölksprover regelbundet samlas in frĂ„n förstföderskor i Uppsala. Sedan 2009 tas ocksĂ„ ett urinprov frĂ„n kvinnorna. I denna studie har ftalater och fenolĂ€ra Ă€mnen studerats i urinprov insamlade 2009-2014. Dessa Ă€mnen metaboliseras relativt snabbt i kroppen och för flertalet Ă€r det en metabolit till sjĂ€lva huvudsubstansen som har analyserats i urinen. Totalt sett analyserades 13 ftalatmetaboliter till 6 ftalater, en metabolit till en ersĂ€ttningskemikalie till ftalater, en metabolit till ett fosforbaserat flamskyddsmedel, tvĂ„ pesticidmetaboliter samt 15 fenolĂ€ra Ă€mnen, t ex triklosan, bisfenol A, S och F, av Lunds universitet. Syftet var att studera tidstrender för de olika Ă€mnena under perioden 2009-2014. Resultaten visade att flera av de Ă€ldre ftalaterna som hĂ„ller pĂ„ att fasas ut har en nedĂ„tgĂ„ende trend. Samtidigt kunde en ökande trend ses för en metabolit till ett Ă€mne som nu anvĂ€nds som ersĂ€ttare till ftalater. Bisfenol A (BPA) som Ă€r ett mycket omdiskuterat Ă€mne visade en nedĂ„tgĂ„ende tidstrend medan bisfenol F som pekats ut som en av ersĂ€ttarna till BPA istĂ€llet hade en ökande trend. Även triclosan visade en minskande trend som troligtvis beror pĂ„ att Ă€mnet har minskat i anvĂ€ndning. Analyser av urin gör det möjligt att studera hur befolkningens exponering för snabbmetaboliserande substanser ser ut. Hur exponeringen förĂ€ndras med tiden efter att olika Ă„tgĂ€rder har satts in för att begrĂ€nsa problematiska kemikalier samt hur befolkningens exponering för nya ersĂ€ttningskemikalier har utvecklats

    Sex differences in response to maximal exercise stress test in trained adolescents

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    BACKGROUND: Sex comparisons between girls and boys in response to exercise in trained adolescents are missing and we investigated similarities and differences as a basis for clinical interpretation and guidance. METHODS: A total of 24 adolescent females and 27 adolescent males aged 13–19 years underwent a maximal bicycle exercise stress test with measurement of cardiovascular variables, cardiac output, lung volumes, metabolic factors/lactate concentrations and breath-by-breath monitoring of ventilation, and determination of peak VO(2). RESULTS: Maximum heart rate was similar in females (191 ± 9 bpm) and males (194 ± 7 bpm), cardiac index at maximum exercise was lower in females (7.0 ± 1.0 l/min/m(2)) than in males (8.3 ± 1.4 l/min/m(2), P < 0.05). Metabolic responses and RQ at maximum exercise were similar (females: 1.04 ± 0.06 vs. males: 1.05 ± 0.05). Peak VO(2) was lower in females (2.37 ± 0.34 l/min) than in males (3.38 ± 0.49 l/min, P < 0.05). When peak VO(2) was normalized to leg muscle mass sex differences disappeared (females: 161 ± 21 ml/min/kg vs. males: 170 ± 23 ml/min/kg). The increase in cardiac index during exercise is the key factor responsible for the greater peak VO(2) in adolescent boys compared to girls. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in peak VO(2) in adolescent boys and girls disappear when peak VO(2) is normalized to estimated leg muscle mass and therefore provide a tool to conduct individual and intersex comparisons of fitness when evaluating adolescent athletes in aerobic sports
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