Review of \u3ci\u3e Hydrology and Geochemistry of Glacial Deposits in Northeastern Kansas\u3c/i\u3e by Jane E. Denne, Rachel E. Miller, Lawrence R. Hathaway, Howard G. O\u27Connor, and William C. Johnson

Northeastern Kansas is characterized by dissected till plains. Glacial sediments overlie the older Paleozoic sedimentary rocks. Outcropping rocks of Paleozoic age include the Pennsylvanian and Permian rocks extensively studied in other reports. This report includes the twelve northeastern Kansas Counties (Atchison, Brown, Doniphan, Douglas, Jackson, Jefferson, Johnson, Leavenworth, Nemaha, Shawnee, Wabaunsee, and Wyandotte) that were glaciated during Pleistocene time. The study area was entirely glaciated during pre-Illinoian (classical Kansas and Nebraskan) time, except for its southern fringe. The deposits exposed in the area include glacial drift (till, outwash, lake deposits), loess, and alluvium. Pregacial drainage ways became buried valleys after glaciation, filled by deposits ranging from clayey sediments to sand and gravel. The discussion of recent changes in the pre-Illinoian glacial stratigraphy recognizes that several tills indicate that more than the traditional two glacial advances occurred in Kansas and Nebraska. Age dating shows that the well-known Pearlette Ash marker bed for the top of the Kansan represents deposits of three distinct ages, making it useless as a marker bed. Other convincing evidence indicates that the classical terms Nebraskan, Kansas should be dropped from glacial stratigraphy

Review of \u3ci\u3e Hydrology and Geochemistry of Glacial Deposits in Northeastern Kansas\u3c/i\u3e by Jane E. Denne, Rachel E. Miller, Lawrence R. Hathaway, Howard G. O\u27Connor, and William C. Johnson

Northeastern Kansas is characterized by dissected till plains. Glacial sediments overlie the older Paleozoic sedimentary rocks. Outcropping rocks of Paleozoic age include the Pennsylvanian and Permian rocks extensively studied in other reports. This report includes the twelve northeastern Kansas Counties (Atchison, Brown, Doniphan, Douglas, Jackson, Jefferson, Johnson, Leavenworth, Nemaha, Shawnee, Wabaunsee, and Wyandotte) that were glaciated during Pleistocene time. The study area was entirely glaciated during pre-Illinoian (classical Kansas and Nebraskan) time, except for its southern fringe. The deposits exposed in the area include glacial drift (till, outwash, lake deposits), loess, and alluvium. Pregacial drainage ways became buried valleys after glaciation, filled by deposits ranging from clayey sediments to sand and gravel. The discussion of recent changes in the pre-Illinoian glacial stratigraphy recognizes that several tills indicate that more than the traditional two glacial advances occurred in Kansas and Nebraska. Age dating shows that the well-known Pearlette Ash marker bed for the top of the Kansan represents deposits of three distinct ages, making it useless as a marker bed. Other convincing evidence indicates that the classical terms Nebraskan, Kansas should be dropped from glacial stratigraphy

Can the Circular Economy Concretize Sustainability? A Construal Level Approach to Encourage Sustainable Consumption.

Despite a growing awareness and understanding of the impact our lifestyles have on the environment, most people have not adequately changed their consumption patterns. One possibility for the disconnect is the perceived abstractness of sustainability. Drawing on construal level theory, this research proposes that framing environmental sustainability as circularity, using the principles of the circular economy, reduces the perceived abstractness of sustainability. Four studies investigate the effects of circular framing on sustainable consumption behavior, including the moderating role of consumers’ chronic level of construal, an innate mindset reflecting a tendency to view information more concretely or abstractly. Findings provide initial evidence that, beyond offering a viable economic solution to operationalize sustainable development, the concept of circularity can concretize the abstract construct of sustainability, shifting the paradigm of sustainable behavior and consumers’ willingness to engage. This knowledge has important implications for both companies and policymakers in developing strategies and messaging to step-change consumer acceptance and adoption of sustainable behaviors. Limitations and future research directions are discussed

Geochemical detection of carbon dioxide in dilute aquifers

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Carbon storage in deep saline reservoirs has the potential to lower the amount of CO₂emitted to the atmosphere and to mitigate global warming. Leakage back to the atmosphere through abandoned wells and along faults would reduce the efficiency of carbon storage, possibly leading to health and ecological hazards at the ground surface, and possibly impacting water quality of near-surface dilute aquifers. We use static equilibrium and reactive transport simulations to test the hypothesis that perturbations in water chemistry associated with a CO₂gas leak into dilute groundwater are important measures for the potential release of CO₂to the atmosphere. Simulation parameters are constrained by groundwater chemistry, flow, and lithology from the High Plains aquifer. The High Plains aquifer is used to represent a typical sedimentary aquifer overlying a deep CO₂storage reservoir. Specifically, we address the relationships between CO₂flux, groundwater flow, detection time and distance. The CO₂flux ranges from 10³to 2 × 10⁶t/yr (0.63 to 1250 t/m²/yr) to assess chemical perturbations resulting from relatively small leaks that may compromise long-term storage, water quality, and surface ecology, and larger leaks characteristic of short-term well failure.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>For the scenarios we studied, our simulations show pH and carbonate chemistry are good indicators for leakage of stored CO₂into an overlying aquifer because elevated CO₂yields a more acid pH than the ambient groundwater. CO₂leakage into a dilute groundwater creates a slightly acid plume that can be detected at some distance from the leak source due to groundwater flow and CO₂buoyancy. pH breakthrough curves demonstrate that CO₂leaks can be easily detected for CO₂flux ≥ 10⁴t/yr within a 15-month time period at a monitoring well screened within a permeable layer 500 m downstream from the vertical gas trace. At lower flux rates, the CO₂dissolves in the aqueous phase in the lower most permeable unit and does not reach the monitoring well. Sustained pumping in a developed aquifer mixes the CO₂-affected water with the ambient water and enhances pH signal for small leaks (10³t/yr) and reduces pH signal for larger leaks (≥ 10⁴t/yr).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The ability to detect CO₂leakage from a storage reservoir to overlying dilute groundwater is dependent on CO₂solubility, leak flux, CO₂buoyancy, and groundwater flow. Our simulations show that the most likely places to detect CO₂are at the base of the confining layer near the water table where CO₂gas accumulates and is transported laterally in all directions, and downstream of the vertical gas trace where groundwater flow is great enough to transport dissolved CO₂laterally. Our simulations show that CO₂may not rise high enough in the aquifer to be detected because aqueous solubility and lateral groundwater transport within the lower aquifer unit exceeds gas pressure build-up and buoyancy needed to drive the CO₂gas upwards.</p

Controlling Groundwater Exploitation Through Economic Instruments: Current Practices, Challenges and Innovative Approaches

Groundwater can be considered as a common-pool resource, is often overexploited and, as a result, there are growing management pressures. This chapter starts with a broad presentation of the range of economic instruments that can be used for groundwater management, considering current practices and innovative approaches inspired from the literature on Common Pool Resources management. It then goes on with a detailed presentation of groundwater allocation policies implemented in France, the High Plains aquifer in the USA, and Chile. The chapter concludes with a discussion of social and political difficulties associated with implementing economic instruments for groundwater management

Should I just Listen to you or Change your Mind too? Target’s Perceived Efficacy of Agents’ Interpersonal Affect Improvement Strategies

People shape and influence others’ emotions every day. If these attempts are perceived as successful they may have a positive effect on people’s relationships and well-being. Across two studies, targets’ perceived efficacy of regulation strategies to improve their sadness and anxiety/stress has been investigated. In Study 1, participants (n = 120) were provided with two scenarios depicting sadness and anxiety/stress and asked to imagine themselves in these situations. Afterwards, they were provided with different regulation strategies and asked to rate their perceived efficacy to down-regulate their sadness and anxiety. In Study 2, participants (n = 120) were asked to describe a situation where they felt sad and another one where they felt anxious. They were then provided with strategies aimed at reducing their sadness and anxiety. Results from both studies showed that whereas for sadness higher perceived efficacy was predicted by affective engagement, for anxiety/stress was predicted by cognitive engagement

Fundamental Groundwater Hydrology and Well Hydraulics

23 pages (includes illustrations and maps)