46 research outputs found
Det Àr som att komma hem : betydelsen av svensksprÄkig service för klienter inom socialservice
Only abstract. Paper copies of masterâs theses are listed in the Helka database (http://www.helsinki.fi/helka). Electronic copies of masterâs theses are either available as open access or only on thesis terminals in the Helsinki University Library.Vain tiivistelmĂ€. Sidottujen gradujen saatavuuden voit tarkistaa Helka-tietokannasta (http://www.helsinki.fi/helka). Digitaaliset gradut voivat olla luettavissa avoimesti verkossa tai rajoitetusti kirjaston opinnĂ€ytekioskeilla.Endast sammandrag. Inbundna avhandlingar kan sökas i Helka-databasen (http://www.helsinki.fi/helka). Elektroniska kopior av avhandlingar finns antingen öppet pĂ„ nĂ€tet eller endast tillgĂ€ngliga i bibliotekets avhandlingsterminaler.Mitt intresse att nĂ€rmare fördjupa mig i Ă€mnet socialservice pĂ„ svenska ligger som bakgrund till denna forskning. Jag har valt att forska bland klienter som fĂ„r sin service pĂ„ enheten för svensk socialservice i Helsingfors med fokus pĂ„ aktiva klienter inom utkomststöd och handikappservice. Syftet med forskningen Ă€r att fĂ„ veta vilka faktorer som bidrar till att klienterna kommer till den svenska enheten, hur de upplever den svenska servicen och vilken betydelse sprĂ„ket har för dessa klienter. I undersökningen nĂ€rmar jag mig sprĂ„ket genom dialogen. ModersmĂ„let utgör en viktig del i dialogen mellan socialarbetare och klient. Genom ett gemensamt sprĂ„k uppnĂ„s en kĂ€nsla av samhörighet och jĂ€mlikhet. Förutom den sprĂ„kliga aspekten lyfter forskningen fram Ă€ven andra kulturella aspekter som bidrar till att klienter vĂ€ljer svensk service. OcksĂ„ tvĂ„sprĂ„kighetens inverkan pĂ„ val av servicesprĂ„k Ă€r en synvinkel som beaktas i denna forskning. Forskningen stöder sig pĂ„ mĂ€nniskors upplevelser och erfarenheter och dĂ€rför utgĂ„r jag frĂ„n ett hermeneutiskt- fenomenologiskt perspektiv. I de tolv intervjuer som utfördes i denna forskning sĂ„g jag dessa klienter som experter och min egen roll var att fungera som tolkare av dessa expertutlĂ„tanden. Vad som Ă€r viktigt och avgörande dĂ„ en klient vĂ€ljer svenska framom finska som servicesprĂ„k, inom den öppna vĂ„rden pĂ„ socialverket, i en tvĂ„sprĂ„kig kommun som Helsingfors, var en viktig aspekt, som jag sökt svar pĂ„. Forskningen visar att klienterna kommer slumpmĂ€ssigt till den svenska enheten och att deras första upplevelse av enheten Ă€r mycket positiv. En hemlik kĂ€nsla och en upplevelse av att bli beaktad som en mĂ€nniska, Ă€r tankar som informanterna lyfter fram i sina beskrivningar av den första kontakten med den svenska enheten. Ur forskningen framgĂ„r att de som kan vĂ€lja (de tvĂ„sprĂ„kiga) servicesprĂ„k vĂ€ljer svenskt och att det finns behov av en etnisk plats för klienter i behov av svensk service. En plats dĂ€r sprĂ„ket inte bara förmedlar budskap och information, utan dĂ€r den finlandssvenska klienten fĂ„r uppleva gemensamma vĂ€rden, jĂ€mlikhet och öppenhet i en ömsesidig relation. Den onödiga byrĂ„kratin och skammen bland utkomststödsklienter, Ă€r upplevelser som klienterna i denna forskning bl.a.lyfter fram
Life without professional work-perceptions about oneâs self, interpersonal relations and social life after retirement
The aim of this study is to understand how healthy, older adults in Sweden perceive their life situation after retirement. The study is based on a lifeworld approach, and a phenomenographic method was used. Eighteen participants were interviewed, and data were analysed according to the phenomenographic principle of qualitatively different categories. Two categories were developed. The first category, âperceptions that draw attention inward, towards oneâs selfâ, was further described in three subcategories: Sense of decreased status in society, the desire to keep aging at a distance, and contemplation of oneâs own existence. The second category, âperceptions that draw attention outward, away from oneâs selfâ was further described in the following four subcategories: caretaking of family members, involvement in social relationships, finding of deep meaning in animals and nature and engagement with society. In the discussion, the findings are further illuminated through comparisons with concepts such as maturity, wisdom and gerotranscendence, and reflections on the findingsâ relevance to a caring context follow. The conclusion suggests this study can provide knowledge that will allow healthcare providers to bridge the gap between generations in order to provide high-quality care. However, for a more profound caring dialogue, for example, about the end of life, a deeper analysis is required
How primary health care physicians make sick listing decisions: The impact of medical factors and functioning
Abstract Background The decision to issue sickness certification in Sweden for a patient should be based on the physician's assessment of the reduction of the patient's work capacity due to a disease or injury, not on psychosocial factors, in spite of the fact that they are known as risk factors for sickness absence. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of medical factors and functioning on sick listing probability. Methods Four hundred and seventy-four patient-physician consultations, where sick listing could be an option, in general practice in Ărebro county, central Sweden, were documented using physician and patient questionnaires. Information sought was the physicians' assessments of causes and consequences of the patients' complaints, potential to recover, diagnoses and prescriptions on sick leave, and the patients' view of their family and work situation and functioning as well as data on the patients' former and present health situation. The outcome measure was whether or not a sickness certificate was issued. Multivariate analyses were performed. Results Complaints entirely or mainly somatic as assessed by the physician decreased the risk of sick listing, and complaints resulting in severe limitation of occupational work capacity, as assessed by the patient as well as the physician, increased the risk of sick listing, as did appointments for locomotor complaints. The results for patients with infectious diseases or musculoskeletal diseases were partly similar to those for all diseases. Conclusion The strongest predictors for sickness certification were patient's and GP's assessment of reduced work capacity, with a striking concordance between physician and patient on this assessment. When patient's complaints were judged to be non-somatic the risk of sickness certification was enhanced.</p
Association between the number of coadministered P-glycoprotein inhibitors and serum digoxin levels in patients on therapeutic drug monitoring
BACKGROUND: The ABC transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is recognized as a site for drug-drug interactions and provides a mechanistic explanation for clinically relevant pharmacokinetic interactions with digoxin. The question of whether several P-gp inhibitors may have additive effects has not yet been addressed. METHODS: We evaluated the effects on serum concentrations of digoxin (S-digoxin) in 618 patients undergoing therapeutic drug monitoring. P-gp inhibitors were classified as Class I, with a known effect on digoxin kinetics, or Class II, showing inhibition in vitro but no documented effect on digoxin kinetics in humans. Mean S-digoxin values were compared between groups of patients with different numbers of coadministered P-gp inhibitors by a univariate and a multivariate model, including the potential covariates age, sex, digoxin dose and total number of prescribed drugs. RESULTS: A large proportion (47%) of the digoxin patients undergoing therapeutic drug monitoring had one or more P-gp inhibitor prescribed. In both univariate and multivariate analysis, S-digoxin increased in a stepwise fashion according to the number of coadministered P-gp inhibitors (all P values < 0.01 compared with no P-gp inhibitor). In multivariate analysis, S-digoxin levels were 1.26 ± 0.04, 1.51 ± 0.05, 1.59 ± 0.08 and 2.00 ± 0.25 nmol/L for zero, one, two and three P-gp inhibitors, respectively. The results were even more pronounced when we analyzed only Class I P-gp inhibitors (1.65 ± 0.07 for one and 1.83 ± 0.07 nmol/L for two). CONCLUSIONS: Polypharmacy may lead to multiple drug-drug interactions at the same site, in this case P-gp. The S-digoxin levels increased in a stepwise fashion with an increasing number of coadministered P-gp inhibitors in patients taking P-gp inhibitors and digoxin concomitantly. As coadministration of digoxin and P-gp inhibitors is common, it is important to increase awareness about P-gp interactions among prescribing clinicians
Interindividual Variability of Drug Transport Proteins : Focus on Intestinal Pgp (ABCB1) and BCRP (ABCG2)
The appearance of adverse drug reactions is a common reason for hospitalization in Western countries. Research on underlying biological mechanisms for interindividual variability in drug response aims to better identify patients with exceptional genetic traits, disease conditions or risk of drug-drug interactions and thereby help to prevent adverse drug reactions. Active transport mechanisms are involved in the absorption and disposition of several therapeutic agents. The main objective of this thesis was to investigate factors potentially affecting transport proteins and thus contributing to variability in drug absorption and disposition. Studies of physiological, genetic, environmental, and pathological factors were included. The main focus was the two ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters: P-glycoprotein 170 (Pgp) and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP). Quantification of transport protein mRNAs along the human intestine indicated that eight of the nine investigated drug transporters were expressed in a region-dependent manner. Effects of drug-drug interactions may therefore vary depending on the site of absorption. The genetic aspect was illustrated by identification of sequence variation in the gene encoding BCRP, the most highly expressed ABC transporter along the human intestine. Drug-drug interactions are important environmental causes of interindividual variability. An evaluation of the effects of Pgp-mediated drug-drug interactions showed that patients receiving Pgp inhibitors had elevated serum concentrations of the Pgp substrate digoxin and that digoxin concentrations were positively correlated with the number of co-administered Pgp inhibitors. The final topic in this thesis was that of drug-disease interactions. BCRP and Pgp were down-regulated during active inflammation in patients with ulcerative colitis. This may contribute to altered concentrations of drug in the intestinal mucosa during periods of inflammation and possibly to changes in drug absorption. To summarize, results of this thesis emphasize the complex background to the interindividual variability of drug transport proteins, where physiological, genetic, environmental and pathological factors all can contribute
Interindividual Variability of Drug Transport Proteins : Focus on Intestinal Pgp (ABCB1) and BCRP (ABCG2)
The appearance of adverse drug reactions is a common reason for hospitalization in Western countries. Research on underlying biological mechanisms for interindividual variability in drug response aims to better identify patients with exceptional genetic traits, disease conditions or risk of drug-drug interactions and thereby help to prevent adverse drug reactions. Active transport mechanisms are involved in the absorption and disposition of several therapeutic agents. The main objective of this thesis was to investigate factors potentially affecting transport proteins and thus contributing to variability in drug absorption and disposition. Studies of physiological, genetic, environmental, and pathological factors were included. The main focus was the two ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters: P-glycoprotein 170 (Pgp) and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP). Quantification of transport protein mRNAs along the human intestine indicated that eight of the nine investigated drug transporters were expressed in a region-dependent manner. Effects of drug-drug interactions may therefore vary depending on the site of absorption. The genetic aspect was illustrated by identification of sequence variation in the gene encoding BCRP, the most highly expressed ABC transporter along the human intestine. Drug-drug interactions are important environmental causes of interindividual variability. An evaluation of the effects of Pgp-mediated drug-drug interactions showed that patients receiving Pgp inhibitors had elevated serum concentrations of the Pgp substrate digoxin and that digoxin concentrations were positively correlated with the number of co-administered Pgp inhibitors. The final topic in this thesis was that of drug-disease interactions. BCRP and Pgp were down-regulated during active inflammation in patients with ulcerative colitis. This may contribute to altered concentrations of drug in the intestinal mucosa during periods of inflammation and possibly to changes in drug absorption. To summarize, results of this thesis emphasize the complex background to the interindividual variability of drug transport proteins, where physiological, genetic, environmental and pathological factors all can contribute
Pharmacokinetics of mercury from dental amalgam
PHARMACOKINETICS OF MERCURY FROM DENTAL AMALGAM
Gunilla Sandborgh Englund
Dept. of Basal Oral Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, S-141 04Huddinge
The overall aim of the present work has been to obtain quantitative and
qualitativedata on mercury from dental amalgam in humans.
The influence of amalgam removal on mercury levels in blood, plasma and
urine hasbeen studied in twelve volunteers. All amalgam fillings were
removed during one dentalsession. A transient increase of mercury in
blood and plasma was observed within48 h after amalgam removal, and sixty
days after the mercury levels in all mediahad decreased to about 60% of
the pre removal levels. A bi-exponential model wasapplied on mercury in
plasma with the median half-time of the second phase being88 days. The
kinetics of mercury in urine was fitted to a mono-exponential model,the
median half-time being 46 days.
The pharmacokinetics of mercury vapor was studied after a single dose
exposurein human volunteers. Nine subjects were exposed to 400 ”g/m3
mercury vapor for15 min. The retention was on average 67% of the inhaled
mercury dose. A rapid absorptionphase was seen in blood and plasma,
followed by a bi-exponential decline. In plasmathe median half-time of
the second phase was 10 days with a large inter-individualvariation. The
estimated total amount of mercury excreted via urine during 30 daysranged
from 8% to 41%.
Mercury levels in saliva and feces before and after amalgam removal were
studied.The fecal mercury concentrations were more than ten times higher
in the pre-removalsamples than those found in a reference group with no
amalgam fillings. Two daysafter removal, the fecal mercury concentrations
increased about 100 times, followedby a significant decrease. Sixty days
after amalgam removal, the mercury levels infeces were still slightly
higher than in the reference group. In saliva the medianmercury levels
declined from the pre-removal level of 200 nmol/kg to 1 nmol/kg sixtydays
after amalgam removal.
The kidney is a target organ for inorganic mercury and in animal studies
decreasedrenal function has been shown after placement of amalgam
fillings. The mercury levelsin blood, plasma and urine and the kidney
function were studied before and afteramalgam removal. A number of
sensitive renal parameters were determined: the glomerularfiltration rate
(GFR) and the excretion of N-acetyl-Ă glucose aminidase
(NAG),Ă2-microglobuline and albumin. No signs of kidney dysfunction were
detectable.
Effects on mercury levels in blood, plasma and urine after 14-days
treatment witha chelating agent (DMSA) or placebo were studied in twenty
subjects, relating theirsymptoms to mercury exposure from amalgam
fillings. In addition, these effects wererelated to possible changes of
symptoms. Three cases of generalized hypersensitivereactions were
encountered at the end of the treatment period. A significant increasein
urinary mercury excretion was apparent during DMSA treatment, and the
blood mercurylevels decreased. There was no evidence that chelating
therapy alleviated symptomsallegedly attributable to mercury from amalgam
fillings.
In summary, amalgam fillings constitute a significant source of exposure
to mercury.Mercury levels in blood, plasma, urine, saliva and feces
decrease considerably afterthe removal of dental amalgam. No adverse
effects on the kidney function were observedfrom the mercury exposure in
conjunction with amalgam removal. DMSA treatment appearsto mainly affect
the mercury excretion from the kidney, and the risk of
hypersensitivityreactions is considerable during prolonged treatment.
Combined evaluation of thedecline of mercury in plasma after amalgam
removal and after the single dose exposureclearly verifies the
pharmacokinetics of mercury as at least tri-exponential.
Thepharmacokinetic analysis of mercury verifies the daily mercury dose in
subjects withan average number of amalgam fillings to be 5-9 ”g per day.
Key words: Human, dental amalgam, mercury, blood, plasma, urine, saliva,
feces,pharmacokinetics, kidney, chelating agents.
ISBN 91-628-2791-
Upplevelse av stöd frÄn den psykiatriska vÄrden till barn som har förÀldrar med psykisk sjukdom : sett ur barns och vÄrdpersonals perspektiv
Barn pĂ„verkas av förĂ€ldrars psykiska sjukdom i form av oro, rĂ€dsla och skuld samt har en förhöjd risk att sjĂ€lva drabbas av psykisk sjukdom. En utmaning för den psykiatriska vĂ„rden Ă€r det ökande antalet av vuxna med psykiatrisk sjukdom som Ă€ven Ă€r förĂ€ldrar till minderĂ„riga barn. Sjuksköterskor inom psykiatrin har en viktig roll nĂ€r det gĂ€ller att uppmĂ€rksamma dessa barn samt se till att de fĂ„r adekvat hjĂ€lp och stöd. Syftet med studien var att beskriva hur barn till förĂ€ldrar med psykisk sjukdom upplever det stöd de fĂ„r ifrĂ„n den psykiatriska vĂ„rden samt beskriva vĂ„rdpersonals upplevelser av stöd till dessa barn. Metoden som anvĂ€ndes var kvalitativa forskningsintervjuer som genomfördes med sex barn som har förĂ€ldrar med psykisk sjukdom och fjorton vĂ„rdpersonal som arbetar inom den psykiatriska vĂ„rden. Intervjuerna analyserades med kvalitativ innehĂ„llsanalys och resultatet utmynnade i fyra kategorier. 1. Barn till förĂ€ldrar med psykisk sjukdom upplever sig bli hjĂ€lpta av stödet frĂ„n den psykiatriska vĂ„rden Ă€ven om det bör förbĂ€ttras. 2. VĂ„rdpersonal upplever att den psykiatriska vĂ„rden erbjuder olika verksamheter som ger ett gott stöd till barn Ă€ven om det bör förbĂ€ttras. 3. VĂ„rdpersonal upplever att barn behöver uppmĂ€rksammas, informeras och stödjas i kontakten med sina förĂ€ldrar. 4. VĂ„rdpersonal upplever svĂ„righeter i form av osĂ€kerhet kring sin egen kunskap samt förĂ€ldrars ovilja att blanda in barn i den psykiatriska vĂ„rden. En slutsats av studien Ă€r att barn till förĂ€ldrar med psykisk sjukdom fĂ„r ett relativt gott stöd Ă€ven om det behöver förbĂ€ttras. För att göra detta krĂ€vs utbildning av vĂ„rdpersonal och att verksamheten har framtagna rutiner och anvĂ€ndbara metoder för att kunna stödja barn.Children get affected by parents mentally illness in form of anxiety, fear and guilt and also have an enhanced risk to suffer from mentally illness themselves. A challenge to the psychiatric care is the increasing number of adults with a mental illness who also are parents to under aged children. Nurses in the psychiatric care have an important role when it comes to notice these children and make sure that they receive adequate help and support. The purpose of the study was to describe how children of mentally ill parents experience the support they receive from the psychiatric care and describe psychiatric healthcare workers experiences of these childrenâs support. The method that was used in this study was qualitative interviews with six children of mentally ill parents and fourteen psychiatric healthcare workers. The interviews were analysed based on qualitative content analysis and gave four categories as result. 1. Children of mentally ill parents experience help due to the support from the psychiatric care even though it should be improved. 2. Psychiatric healthcare workers experience that the psychiatric care offers a variable of activities that give a good support to children even though it should be improved. 3. Psychiatric healthcare workers experience that children need attention, be informed and supported in their relationship to their parents. 4. Psychiatric healthcare workers experience difficulties like insecurity about their own knowledge and parentsâ unwillingness to involve the children in the psychiatric care. A conclusion from this study is that children of mentally ill parents receive a relatively good support even though it needs to be improved. To do that it takes education of the psychiatric healthcare workers and that the psychiatric care is given routines and useful methods to support children
Asiens blÄ pÀrla : dagvatten som ett positivt inslag i staden : förslag till ett vackert och uthÄlligt Phnom Penh
Surface water drainage is together with water supply and wastewater management key parts of infrastructure in urban areas. As landscape architects we aim to find solutions that envisage aesthetical, social and ecological perspectives as well as technical. These aspects often go hand in hand and together they are part of the
sustainability concept.
Phnom Penh was in the sixties known as "the Pearl of Asia". The capital of Cambodia incorporated many green areas and water features and the architecture was blooming. After many troublesome years of cruel regimes and war the city is now degraded and the infrastructure is badly maintained. Corruption is widely spread and private construction companies are ruling the construction market and the urban planning.
The city is located on wetland by the conjunction of four great rivers. There are two dominating seasons, wet and dry and they shape the prerequisites for the city planning. Precipitation is a huge problem in the rainy season and most of the urban storm water is together with the city wastewater lead through open canals or drainage pipes to the surrounding wetlands. The wetlands biologically clean the contaminated water before it enters the rivers. The wetlands also possess great water storage capacity. Phnom Penh is protected from flooding by embankments (dikes). The urban storm water reaches the wetlands through sluiceways in the dry seasons. The sluiceways are closed during the rainy season to prevent the city from flooding and the storm water has to be pumped over the dikes.
Due to poor urban planning, corruption and increased land prices, the public green and blue areas in and around the city are rapidly disappearing and inundation of the city has become an enormous problem. New satellite cities have popped up in the wetlands and there is a shortage of public parks and spaces in the city centre. The water storage capacity of the wetlands has diminished due to constructions and polluted water reaches the rivers without cleaning and many sensitive ecosystems are lost.
Urbanisation is a fast ongoing process in Phnom Penh. The city needs to expand to cope with its increasing number of inhabitants. Development and expansion put a huge strain on the urban ecological and social structures. To protect and keep the sensitive ecosystems of the urban wetlands and lakes, a future city expansion must be well considered and the development should occur in phases.
An ecological storm water management tries to imitate nature as far as possible and use the prerequisites of the site. As much as possible of the storm water is therefore taken care of locally in an ecological storm water design. Urban environments generally consist of a majority of impermeable surfaces, which prevent water to infiltrate.
New development in Phnom Penh would benefit from ecological storm water design. The pressure on the under dimensioned drainage system of the city would lessen and problems
with inundation be reduced. If polluted water was taken care of locally, emissions in the sensitive rivers would diminish. Urban infiltration areas and storage ponds could be incorporated in future urban design.
Since flooding is an unavoidable occurring event in Phnom Penh, the city would benefit from adjusting to the rising water levels instead of fighting against them. Floodable areas incorporated in the urban design are efficient in dealing with the problem of inundation in the streets as well as a beautiful variable design feature.
We have chosen two sites in Phnom Penh that soon are about to be developed for construction Boeng Cheung Ek and Boeng Kak Lake. These two areas are both hydrologically interesting. They are located on low points in the city and today they serve as natural water storage features. Our thesis resulted in two design proposals that incorporate an ecological storm water perspective as well as a sustainable city perspective.Dagvattenhantering Àr liksom dricksvattenförsörjning
och avloppshantering viktiga delar av
stadens infrastruktur. Landskapsarkitektens
uppgift i sammanhanget Àr att skapa lösningar
som tar hÀnsyn till estetiska, sociala och ekologiska
vÀrden, liksom tekniska lösningar. Dessa
vÀrden Àr alla viktiga och tillsammans utgör de
grunden för ett uthÄlligt samhÀlle.
Phnom Penh gick under sextiotalet Àven under
namnet âthe Pearl of Asiaâ. Kambodjas huvudstad
innefattade mÄnga grönytor och inslag
av vatten och arkitekturen blomstrade. Efter
mÄnga Är av krig och en grym regim har staden
förfallit och infrastrukturen Àr dÄligt underhÄllen.
Utbredd korruption Àr ett stort problem
och privata byggföretag styr byggsektorn och
stadsplaneringen.
Staden Àr belÀgen pÄ vÄtmarker dÀr fyra stora
floder flyter samman. TvÄ Ärstider dominerar,
regnperioden och torrperioden, och de skapar
förutsÀttningarna för Phnom Penhs stadsplanering.
Nederbörden utgör ett stort problem
under regnperioden och en stor del av stadens
dagvatten flyter tillsammans med avloppsvattnet
i öppna kanaler eller drÀneringsledningar ut
i de omkringliggande vÄtmarkerna. VÄtmarkerna
har förmÄgan att rena det förorenade vattnet
innan det slÀpps ut i floderna. VÄtmarkerna
har ocksÄ en enorm kapacitet att lagra vatten.
Höga vallar skyddar Phnom Penh frÄn att översvÀmmas.
Dagvattnet frÄn staden rinner ut i
vÄtmarkerna genom slusskanaler under torrperioden.
Slussarna stÀngs under regnsÀsongen
för att förhindra att vatten frÄn vÄtmarkerna
översvÀmmar staden. Vattnet mÄste dÄ istÀllet
pumpas ut frÄn staden över vallarna.
PÄ grund av dÄlig stadsplanering, korruption
och ökade markpriser har gröna och blÄ ytor i
staden minskat kraftigt. Detta har medfört att
staden oftare och lÀttare översvÀmmas. Nya
satellitstÀder har vuxit fram i vÄtmarkerna och
staden lider brist pÄ gröna offentliga utrymmen.
VĂ„tmarkernas vattenlagrande kapacitet
har minskat pÄ grund av den nya bebyggelsen
och förorenat vatten slÀpps ut i de kÀnsliga floderna
utan rening. MÄnga av stadens kÀnsliga
ekosystem har redan gÄtt förlorade.
Urbanisering Àr en snabb pÄgÄende process.
Staden mÄste vÀxa för att klara av att försörja
den vÀxade befolkningen. Den hÀftiga expansionen
pÄverkar stadens ekologiska och sociala
strukturer. En försiktig och vÀlplanerad stegvis
stadsutveckling Àr nödvÀndig för att skydda och
bevara stadens kÀnsliga vÄtmarker och sjöar.
Ekologisk dagvattenhantering försöker sÄ lÄngt
som möjligt efterlikna naturens naturliga förlopp
och dra fördel av platsens unika förutsÀttningar.
SÄ mycket som möjligt av dagvattnet bör
tas om hand lokalt i en gestaltning som tar hÀnsyn
till ekologiska dagvattenaspekter. Stadsmiljöer
bestÄr vanligtvis av mycket hÄrdgjorda ytor,
vilket försvÄrar infiltration i mark.
Nybyggnation i Phnom Penh skulle gynnas av
en ekologisk dagvattendesign. Trycket pÄ stadens
överbelastade dagvattennÀt skulle minska
och översvÀmningarnas omfattning skulle reduceras.
Lokalt omhÀndertagande av förorenat
dagvatten skulle Àven medföra mindre utslÀpp i
de kÀnsliga floderna. Infiltrationsytor och dagvattendammar
Ă€r ett viktigt inslag i en ekologisk
dagvattengestaltning.
Eftersom översvÀmningar Àr ett oundvikligt och
Ă„terkommande inslag i Phnom Penh, skulle staden
dra fördel av att anpassa sig efter de sjunkande
och stigande vattennivÄerna istÀllet för
att kÀmpa emot dem. Att integrera översvÀmningsytor
i gestaltningen Àr bÄde vackert och
ett effektivt sÀtt att bekÀmpa översvÀmningar
av stadens gator och torg.
Vi har intresserat oss för tvÄ platser i staden
som inom en snar framtid kommer att bebyggas
â Boeng Cheung Ek och Boeng Kak Lake.
Dessa tvÄ platser Àr sÀrskilt intressanta ur ett
hydrologiskt perspektiv. De Àr belÀgna pÄ lÄgpunkter
i staden och tjÀnar idag som viktiga
vattenmagasin. VĂ„rt examensarbete mynnade
ut i tvÄ gestaltningsförslag som tar hÀnsyn till
ekologisk dagvattenhantering sÄ vÀl som uthÄllig
samhÀllsbyggnad