Expression and distribution of Toll-like receptors 11–13 in the brain during murine neurocysticercosis

The functions of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 11–13 in central nervous system (CNS) infections are currently unknown. Using a murine model of neurocysticercosis, we investigated the expression and distribution of TLRs 11–13 by using both gene specific real-time PCR analysis and in situ immunofluoresence microscopy in both control and neurocysticercosis brains. In the mock infected brain, mRNAs of TLRs 11–13 were constitutively expressed. Parasite infection caused an increase of both mRNAs and protein levels of all three TLRs by several fold. All three TLR proteins were present in both CNS and immune cell types. Among them TLR13 was expressed the most in terms of number of positive cells and brain areas expressing it, followed by TLR11 and TLR12 respectively. Among the nervous tissue cells, TLRs 11–13 protein levels appeared highest in neurons. However, TLR13 expression was also present in ependymal cells, endothelial cells of pial blood vessels, and astrocytes. In contrast, infiltrating CD11b and CD11c positive myeloid cells predominantly produced TLR11 protein, particularly early during infection at 1 wk post infection (~50% cells). TLRs 12 and 13 proteins were present on approximately 5% of infiltrating immune cells. The infiltrating cells positive for TLRs 11–13 were mostly of myeloid origin, CD11b+ cells. This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the expression of TLRs 11–13 in normal and parasite infected mouse brains and suggests a role for them in CNS infections

PENGARUH LAYANAN BIMBINGAN KELOMPOK TERHADAP SIKAP SOSIAL PADA SISWA SMP NEGERI 13 BENGKULU UTARA

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan pengaruh layanan bimbingan kelompok terhadap sikap sosial pada siswa SMP Negeri 13 Bengkulu Utara. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode quasi eksperimen dengan one group pre-test post-test desain. Teknik pengambil sampel menggunakan Purposive sampling. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah kelas VIII B yang memiliki sikap sosial rendah. Hasil yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini menunjukkan ada pengaruh yang signifikan layanan bimbingan kelompok terhadap sikap sosial. Hal ini ditunjukkan dari hasil uji perbedaan tingkat sikap sosial (z= -2.807, maka p <0,05), sehingga ditarik kesimpulan bahwa pelaksanaan bimbingan kelompok berpengaruh terhadap sikap sosial pada siswa SMP Negeri 13 Bengkulu Utara.Kata kunci: SikapSosial, BimbinganKelompok ABSTRACK            This study aimed to describe the the effect of group counseling services on social attitudes on students SMP Negeri 13 Bengkulu Utara. The method in this study is a quasi experimental method with one group pre-test post-test desain. The sampling technique using purposive sampling. The sample in this study is a first class VIII B who have low social attitudes. The results obtained in the study indicate there is a significant effect of group counseling services on social attitudes. This is indicated from the test results of different levels of social attitudes (z= -2.807, then p <0,05), so it is concluded that the implementation of group guidance is influential in services on social attitudes SMP Negeri 13 Bengkulu Utara.Keywords: social attitudes, Group Counselin

Quote Hub

Today Mobile application has made a drastic change in present world. As every individual can complete the work by just working with the application without going anywhere. It’s hard to imagine the world without Mobile Application which made easy for individuals in both professional and social means. In mobile applications there are two types. They are Native Applications Hybrid Applications Native Applications: These are applications which are not compatible in other Operating Systems. Hybrid Applications: These are applications which are compatible in other Operating Systems. Quotehub is a native application and works only on Android. In this application a user can add background image and add quote. In this application there are four types of Quotes in this application. They are Inspirational Quotes Humor Quotes Romance Quotes Personal Quotes This is a user interactive application to set up Quote and Background images randomly according to quotes. This application will make the user to set weekly or daily encouragement message and user can get the chance to update the quotes in personal section and can add the background image according to it. In this one can update his own quotes and also his personal images which will make the user develop knowledge in making quotes and which will help in his/her professional and personal life. It can help a user to get encouraged by quote made by him and if he had a bad experience he can make it as a quote for the week which will make the user to be aware about the mistake. It can provide a new application because we have many applications which are social but very less are personal. In social a user cannot post a bad experience or few personal images and in social media user might forget past updates or it might be difficult for user to check previous. In this user can check frequently and also delete. The release date is not yet finalized

A Fortran 90 Hartree-Fock program for one-dimensional periodic π\pi-conjugated systems using Pariser-Parr-Pople model

Pariser-Parr-Pople (P-P-P) model Hamiltonian is employed frequently to study the electronic structure and optical properties of $\pi$-conjugated systems. In this paper we describe a Fortran 90 computer program which uses the P-P-P model Hamiltonian to solve the Hartree-Fock (HF) equation for infinitely long, one-dimensional, periodic, $\pi$-electron systems. The code is capable of computing the band structure, as also the linear optical absorption spectrum, by using the tight-binding (TB) and the HF methods. Furthermore, using our program the user can solve the HF equation in the presence of a finite external electric field, thereby, allowing the simulation of gated systems. We apply our code to compute various properties of polymers such as $trans$-polyacetylene ($t$-PA), poly-\emph{para}-phenylene (PPP), and armchair and zigzag graphene nanoribbons, in the infinite length limit.Comment: 33 pages, 11 figures (included), submitted for publicatio

Myeloid cell recruitment versus local proliferation differentiates susceptibility from resistance to filarial infection

Both T(H)2-dependent helminth killing and suppression of the T(H)2 effector response have been attributed to macrophages (M Phi) activated by IL-4 (M(IL-4)). To investigate how M(IL-4) contribute to diverse infection outcomes, the MO compartment of susceptible BALB/c mice and more resistant C57BL/6 mice was profiled during infection of the pleural cavity with the filarial nematode, Litomosoides sigmodontis. C57BL/6 mice exhibited a profoundly expanded resident M Phi(resM Phi) population, which was gradually replenished from the bone marrow in an age dependent manner. Infection status did not alter the bone-marrow derived contribution to the resM Phi population, confirming local proliferation as the driver of resM Phi expansion. Significantly less resM Phi expansion was observed in the susceptible BALB/c strain, which instead exhibited an influx of monocytes that assumed an immunosuppressive PD-L2(+) phenotype. Inhibition of monocyte recruitment enhanced nematode killing. Thus, the balance of monocytic vs. resident M(IL-4) numbers varies between inbred mouse strains and impacts infection outcome

Differential Gene Expression in the EphA4 Knockout Spinal Cord and Analysis of the Inflammatory Response Following Spinal Cord Injury

Mice lacking the axon guidance molecule EphA4 have been shown to exhibit extensive axonal regeneration and functional recovery following spinal cord injury. To assess mechanisms by which EphA4 may modify the response to neural injury a microarray was performed on spinal cord tissue from mice with spinal cord injury and sham injured controls. RNA was purified from spinal cords of adult EphA4 knockout and wild-type mice four days following lumbar spinal cord hemisection or laminectomy only and was hybridised to Affymetrix All-Exon Array 1.0 GeneChips™. While subsequent analyses indicated that several pathways were altered in EphA4 knockout mice, of particular interest was the attenuated expression of a number of inflammatory genes, including Arginase 1, expression of which was lower in injured EphA4 knockout compared to wild-type mice. Immunohistological analyses of different cellular components of the immune response were then performed in injured EphA4 knockout and wildtype spinal cords. While numbers of infiltrating CD3+ T cells were low in the hemisection model, a robust CD11b+ macrophage/microglial response was observed post-injury. There was no difference in the overall number or spread of macrophages/activated microglia in injured EphA4 knockout compared to wild-type spinal cords at 2, 4 or 14 days post-injury, however a lower proportion of Arginase-1 immunoreactive macrophages/activated microglia was observed in EphA4 knockout spinal cords at 4 days post-injury. Subtle alterations in the neuroinflammatory response in injured EphA4 knockout spinal cords may contribute to the regeneration and recovery observed in these mice following injury