Sélection et intégration d'une souche probiotique fonctionnelle dans une matrice sèche

Probiotics are live microorganisms that can act on the immune system at specific sites in the gastro-intestinal tract. From a technological point of view, the development of a dietary supplement containing viable and functional probiotics requires the control of the selection and production steps. In a first time, we have developed specific and sensitive screening tests to determine the ability of bacteria to be dried and the origin of its sensitivity. To develop these tests, we investigated the mechanisms involved during drying process. Thus, microorganisms simultaneously undergo osmotic stress and oxidative stress. Results show a strong impact of drying on the survival rate and immunomodulatory potential with a decrease of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-12). To protect probiotic bacteria, three optimization strategies have been developed: drying by foam formation, encapsulation of probiotic bacteria using a pea-protein alginate matrix and drying of a sensitive probiotic strain with a resistant bacterium. Knowledge obtained during this study was used to optimize the industrial process of the final strain of the project. A randomized double blinded (RDB) trial is in progress (2011-2013) to test the bacteria in humansLes probiotiques sont des micro-organismes vivants, capables d’interagir avec le microbiote et les cellules de l’organisme hôte. Par leurs présences ou leurs métabolismes, ils contribuent notamment à la régulation du système immunitaire. D’un point de vue technologique, le développement d’un complément alimentaire contenant des probiotiques nécessite la maitrise des étapes de sélection et de production d’une bactérie fonctionnelle sous forme sèche et revivifiable. Au cours de ce travail, nous avons développé des tests de criblage en cytométrie en flux, permettant de déterminer l’aptitude d’une bactérie à être séchée et l’origine de sa sensibilité. Pour mettre en place ces tests, nous nous sommes intéressés aux mécanismes mis en jeu lors du procédé de séchage. Ainsi, lors de la déshydratation, les micro-organismes vont subir simultanément un stress osmotique et un stress oxydant. Les résultats montrent un fort impact du séchage sur la viabilité et le potentiel immuno-modulateur avec une diminution de la composante pro-inflammatoire (IL-12). Pour protéger les bactéries, trois stratégies d’optimisation ont été développées : le séchage par formation de mousse, l’encapsulation dans une matrice alginate-protéines de pois, et le co-séchage d’une bactérie fragile avec une bactérie résistante. Les connaissances acquises au cours de cette étude ont permis d’optimiser la production industrielle de la souche finale du projet. Afin de répondre au nouveau cadre réglementaire européen, une étude clinique en double aveugle contre placébo est actuellement en cours (2011-2013

Selection and integration of a new immunomodulatory probiotic strain in a food supplement

Les probiotiques sont des micro-organismes vivants, capables d’interagir avec le microbiote et les cellules de l’organisme hôte. Par leurs présences ou leurs métabolismes, ils contribuent notamment à la régulation du système immunitaire. D’un point de vue technologique, le développement d’un complément alimentaire contenant des probiotiques nécessite la maitrise des étapes de sélection et de production d’une bactérie fonctionnelle sous forme sèche et revivifiable. Au cours de ce travail, nous avons développé des tests de criblage en cytométrie en flux, permettant de déterminer l’aptitude d’une bactérie à être séchée et l’origine de sa sensibilité. Pour mettre en place ces tests, nous nous sommes intéressés aux mécanismes mis en jeu lors du procédé de séchage. Ainsi, lors de la déshydratation, les micro-organismes vont subir simultanément un stress osmotique et un stress oxydant. Les résultats montrent un fort impact du séchage sur la viabilité et le potentiel immuno-modulateur avec une diminution de la composante pro-inflammatoire (IL-12). Pour protéger les bactéries, trois stratégies d’optimisation ont été développées : le séchage par formation de mousse, l’encapsulation dans une matrice alginate-protéines de pois, et le co-séchage d’une bactérie fragile avec une bactérie résistante. Les connaissances acquises au cours de cette étude ont permis d’optimiser la production industrielle de la souche finale du projet. Afin de répondre au nouveau cadre réglementaire européen, une étude clinique en double aveugle contre placébo est actuellement en cours (2011-2013)Probiotics are live microorganisms that can act on the immune system at specific sites in the gastro-intestinal tract. From a technological point of view, the development of a dietary supplement containing viable and functional probiotics requires the control of the selection and production steps. In a first time, we have developed specific and sensitive screening tests to determine the ability of bacteria to be dried and the origin of its sensitivity. To develop these tests, we investigated the mechanisms involved during drying process. Thus, microorganisms simultaneously undergo osmotic stress and oxidative stress. Results show a strong impact of drying on the survival rate and immunomodulatory potential with a decrease of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-12). To protect probiotic bacteria, three optimization strategies have been developed: drying by foam formation, encapsulation of probiotic bacteria using a pea-protein alginate matrix and drying of a sensitive probiotic strain with a resistant bacterium. Knowledge obtained during this study was used to optimize the industrial process of the final strain of the project. A randomized double blinded (RDB) trial is in progress (2011-2013) to test the bacteria in human

Sélection et intégration d'une souche probiotique fonctionnelle dans une matrice sèche

Les probiotiques sont des micro-organismes vivants, capables d interagir avec le microbiote et les cellules de l organisme hôte. Par leurs présences ou leurs métabolismes, ils contribuent notamment à la régulation du système immunitaire. D un point de vue technologique, le développement d un complément alimentaire contenant des probiotiques nécessite la maitrise des étapes de sélection et de production d une bactérie fonctionnelle sous forme sèche et revivifiable. Au cours de ce travail, nous avons développé des tests de criblage en cytométrie en flux, permettant de déterminer l aptitude d une bactérie à être séchée et l origine de sa sensibilité. Pour mettre en place ces tests, nous nous sommes intéressés aux mécanismes mis en jeu lors du procédé de séchage. Ainsi, lors de la déshydratation, les micro-organismes vont subir simultanément un stress osmotique et un stress oxydant. Les résultats montrent un fort impact du séchage sur la viabilité et le potentiel immuno-modulateur avec une diminution de la composante pro-inflammatoire (IL-12). Pour protéger les bactéries, trois stratégies d optimisation ont été développées : le séchage par formation de mousse, l encapsulation dans une matrice alginate-protéines de pois, et le co-séchage d une bactérie fragile avec une bactérie résistante. Les connaissances acquises au cours de cette étude ont permis d optimiser la production industrielle de la souche finale du projet. Afin de répondre au nouveau cadre réglementaire européen, une étude clinique en double aveugle contre placébo est actuellement en cours (2011-2013)Probiotics are live microorganisms that can act on the immune system at specific sites in the gastro-intestinal tract. From a technological point of view, the development of a dietary supplement containing viable and functional probiotics requires the control of the selection and production steps. In a first time, we have developed specific and sensitive screening tests to determine the ability of bacteria to be dried and the origin of its sensitivity. To develop these tests, we investigated the mechanisms involved during drying process. Thus, microorganisms simultaneously undergo osmotic stress and oxidative stress. Results show a strong impact of drying on the survival rate and immunomodulatory potential with a decrease of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-12). To protect probiotic bacteria, three optimization strategies have been developed: drying by foam formation, encapsulation of probiotic bacteria using a pea-protein alginate matrix and drying of a sensitive probiotic strain with a resistant bacterium. Knowledge obtained during this study was used to optimize the industrial process of the final strain of the project. A randomized double blinded (RDB) trial is in progress (2011-2013) to test the bacteria in humansDIJON-BU Doc.électronique (212319901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Industrial production of dried yeast: plasma membrane as a survival indicator of air drying process

International audiencePreservation of microorganisms by desiccationis a major industrial interest.However, study of cell survival mechanismsthat occur during desiccation is complex. In this work, the impact of the magnitude and the kinetics of dehydration on yeastsurvival wereevaluatedin either hyperosmotic liquid medium or a gaseous environment. Asame lethal magnitude of dehydration and a same lethal kinetic effect were found. As previously shown for osmotic stress, this work demonstrate that yeast survival after drying was also related to plasma membrane disorganization, suggesting a similar passive rearrangement of the membrane components.Hyperosmotic treatment in liquid medium represents an opportune environment to optimize industrial drying processes

Two Liters a Day Keep the Doctor Away? Considerations on the Pathophysiology of Suboptimal Fluid Intake in the Common Population

Suboptimal fluid intake may require enhanced release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin for the maintenance of adequate hydration. Enhanced copeptin levels (reflecting enhanced vasopressin levels) in 25% of the common population are associated with enhanced risk of metabolic syndrome with abdominal obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, coronary artery disease, heart failure, vascular dementia, cognitive impairment, microalbuminuria, chronic kidney disease, inflammatory bowel disease, cancer, and premature mortality. Vasopressin stimulates the release of glucocorticoids which in turn up-regulate the serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 (SGK1). Moreover, dehydration upregulates the transcription factor NFAT5, which in turn stimulates SGK1 expression. SGK1 is activated by insulin, growth factors and oxidative stress via phosphatidylinositide-3-kinase, 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase PDK1 and mTOR. SGK1 is a powerful stimulator of Na+/K+-ATPase, carriers (e.g. the Na+,K+,2Cl- cotransporter NKCC, the NaCl cotransporter NCC, the Na+/H+ exchanger NHE3, and the Na+ coupled glucose transporter SGLT1), and ion channels (e.g. the epithelial Na+ channel ENaC, the Ca2+ release activated Ca2+ channel Orai1 with its stimulator STIM1, and diverse K+ channels). SGK1 further participates in the regulation of the transcription factors nuclear factor kappa-B NFκB, p53, cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB), activator protein-1, and forkhead transcription factor FKHR-L1 (FOXO3a). Enhanced SGK1 activity fosters the development of hypertension, obesity, diabetes, thrombosis, stroke, inflammation including inflammatory bowel disease and autoimmune disease, cardiac fibrosis, proteinuria, renal failure as well as tumor growth. The present brief review makes the case that suboptimal fluid intake in the common population may enhance vasopressin and glucocorticoid levels thus up-regulating SGK1 expression and favouring the development of SGK1 related pathologies

Air-drying kinetics affect yeast membrane organization and survival.

International audienceThe plasma membrane (PM) is a key structure for the survival of cells during dehydration. In this study, we focused on the concomitant changes in survival and in the lateral organization of the PM in yeast strains during desiccation, a natural or technological environmental perturbation that involves transition from a liquid to a solid medium. To evaluate the role of the PM in survival during air-drying, a wild-type yeast strain and an osmotically fragile mutant (erg6Δ) were used. The lateral organization of the PM (microdomain distribution) was observed using a fluorescent marker related to a specific green fluorescent protein-labeled membrane protein (Sur7-GFP) after progressive or rapid desiccation. We also evaluated yeast behavior during a model dehydration experiment performed in liquid medium (osmotic stress). For both strains, we observed similar behavior after osmotic and desiccation stresses. In particular, the same lethal magnitude of dehydration and the same lethal kinetic effect were found for both dehydration methods. Thus, yeast survival after progressive air-drying was related to PM reorganization, suggesting the positive contribution of passive lateral rearrangements of the membrane components. This study also showed that the use of glycerol solutions is an efficient means to simulate air-drying desiccation

Investigating the effect of tungsten initial microstructure on restoration kinetics using a mean field model

International audienceTungsten is the privileged option as plasma-facing material for the divertor region of ITER and DEMO tokamaks. Under repeated high thermal fluxes (10 MW/m² in steady state and 20 MW/m² in quasi-steady state), Plasma-Facing Units (PFU) can be damaged through thermal fatigue phenomena, which are enhanced by in-service tungsten recrystallization. Slowing down tungsten recrystallization is thus a way to optimize PFU lifetime. Tungsten-recrystallization kinetics is known to depend upon the initial microstructure. In the present paper, a mean-field model is developed to highlight microstructural effects upon tungsten restoration mechanisms at high temperature. The effects of grain size, initial recrystallized fraction, initial dislocation density, i.e. stored energy, and dislocation density distribution have been investigated. It is clearly quantified how a higher stored energy can lead to a drastic increase of the recrystallization rate. It is also shown how a prior recovery stage helps to slow down recrystallization. Finally, a conclusion is brought upon the ability of such a mean field model to optimize the tungsten initial microstructure for fusion engineering

Ergosterol biosynthesis: a fungal pathway for life on land?

International audienceSterols, essential lipids of most eukaryotic cells, ensure important structural and signaling functions. The selection pressure that has led to different dominant sterols in the three eukaryotic kingdoms remains unknown. Here, we investigated the influence of the progression in the different steps of the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway (EBP) on the yeast resistance to transitions from aqueous to aerial media, typical perturbations of the higher fungi habitats. Five mutants of the EBP (ergΔ), accumulating different sterol intermediates in the EBP, and the wild-type (WT) strain were exposed to drying under atmospheric air or nitrogen and wetting. Results show that the progression in the EBP parallels an increase in the yeast resistance to air-drying with a maximal survival rate for the WT strain. When drying/wetting was performed under nitrogen, yeast survival was higher, particularly for the earlier mutants of the EBP. Thus, ergosterol, through its protective role against mechanical and oxidative stress, might have been selected by the pressure induced by drying/wetting cycles occurring in the fungi habitats. These results support the Bloch hypothesis, which postulates that the properties of sterols are gradually optimized for function along the biosynthetic pathway and provide a response to the enduring question "why ergosterol in fungi?"