Une ethnographie de la relation d'aide : de la ruse à la fiction, comment concilier protection et autonomie, rapport de recherche pour la MiRe (DREES):Rapport de recherche pour la MiRe (DREES)

Ce rapport propose une description et une analyse de l’activité d’aide à domicile. L’enquête a porté sur le réseau des proches, aidants et soignants, intervenant auprès de personnes atteintes de troubles psychiques et cognitifs. Les aides visent à assurer le bien‐être des personnes en apportant soins et assistance. Mais ce souci ne suffit pas à caractériser leur activité : à chaque instant, les aides doivent composer entre des aspirations contradictoires, comme la protection et l’autonomie, et assumer des prises de risque. Nous n’opposons pas leur activité réelle à des principes abstraits, nous faisons au contraire l’hypothèse que ce sont les pratiques des aides qui peu à peu, à partir des situations d’épreuve, donnent un sens concret à de telles notions. En trouvant des façons de les composer, elles montrent que leur mise en oeuvre est possible. Selon une méthode ethnographique, nous avons suivi treize cas, entre six et dix-huit mois, choisis dans trois services d’aide à domicile contrastés, en mettant l’accent sur les moments d’épreuve, qui montrent en permanence ces compromis obligés de l’action en situation : problèmes d’hygiène, de médicaments, de clés, risque de chute, décision de placement, relation à la famille, etc. Le principal rendu de notre recherche est la mise en récit de ces treize expériences collectives. Comment faire faire quelque chose à des personnes qui ne l’ont pas demandé ou n’en voient pas l’intérêt ? À condition d’en restituer aussi la valeur positive, deux notions ambiguës, la ruse et la fiction, aident à mieux comprendre l’expérience du domicile, et les compétences des personnels et des proches. L’aide est installation incertaine d’une relation, d’un espace commun. Instaurer cette fiction partagée fait en partie porter par l’aidant à la place de l’aidé son exigence d’autonomie : traiter en être autonome la personne fragilisée, c’est faire persister ce qui n’est plus tout à fait là. Curieuse autonomie, par procuration, qui doit être supposée et supportée par les autres pour exister. C’est tout l’enjeu éthique, politique et social de la relation d’aide : l’invention d’une autonomie élargie au collectif

Vivre avec Alzheimer, vivre avec un "Alzheimer". Recueillir l'expérience des aides à domicile

L'article vise à donner une définition en actes de la maladie d'Alzheimer, à partir d'une mise en récit de l'expérience qu'ont les aides à domicile de la vie commune avec une personne atteinte. Travailler dans un espace qui est d'abord celui du soigné leur a appris beaucoup de choses. La méthode consiste, sans pour autant minorer ses contraintes, àtraiter de façpn pragmatique la maladie d'Alzheimer non seulement comme un déficit mais , à travers ce qu'elle fait fairen saisi dans la relation d'aide, comme une réalité positive à partir de laquelle se déploie aussi une façon de vivre, provisoire et inédite. Nous cherchons ainsi àç faire surgir sur la maladie une parole "autre", celle des aides, mais une parole qui a du poids parce qu'elle est durement éprouvée, au deux sens du mot : ressentie et corrigée au quotidien par l'expérienc

Le handicap au quotidien. La personne, les proches, les soignants : sept récits d'expérience à domicile

Rapport dans le cadre d'un contrat de recherche avec la Haute Autorité de la Santé et le CNS

Widespread overexpression from the four DNA hypermethylated HOX clusters in aggressive (IDHwt) glioma is associated with H3K27me3 depletion and alternative promoter usage

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The Long Non-Coding RNA HOXA-AS2 Promotes Proliferation of Glioma Stem Cells and Modulates Their Inflammation Pathway Mainly through Post-Transcriptional Regulation

International audienceGlioblastomas represent approximatively half of all gliomas and are the most deadly and aggressive form. Their therapeutic resistance and tumor relapse rely on a subpopulation of cells that are called Glioma Stem Cells (GSCs). Here, we investigated the role of the long non-coding RNA HOXA-AS2 in GSC biology using descriptive and functional analyses of glioma samples classified according to their isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) gene mutation status, and of GSC lines. We found that HOXA-AS2 is overexpressed only in aggressive (IDHwt) glioma and GSC lines. ShRNA-based depletion of HOXA-AS2 in GSCs decreased cell proliferation and altered the expression of several hundreds of genes. Integrative analysis revealed that these expression changes were not associated with changes in DNA methylation or chromatin signatures at the promoter of the majority of genes deregulated following HOXA-AS2 silencing in GSCs, suggesting a post-transcriptional regulation. In addition, transcription factor binding motif enrichment and correlation analyses indicated that HOXA-AS2 affects, directly or indirectly, the expression of key transcription factors implicated in GCS biology, including E2F8, E2F1, STAT1, and ATF3, thus contributing to GCS aggressiveness by promoting their proliferation and modulating the inflammation pathway

Fontenelle. Digression sur les Anciens et les Modernes : et autres textes philosophiques

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L1 chimeric transcripts are expressed in healthy brain and their deregulation in glioma follows that of their host locus

International audienceBesides the consequences of retrotransposition, long interspersed element 1 (L1) retrotransposons can affect the host genome through their antisense promoter. In addition to the sense promoter, the evolutionarily recent L1 retrotransposons, which are present in several thousand copies, also possess an anti-sense promoter that can produce L1 chimeric transcripts (LCT) composed of the L1 5′ UTR followed by the adjacent genomic sequence. The full extent to which LCT expression occurs in a given tissue and whether disruption of the defense mechanisms that normally control L1 retrotransposons affects their expression and function in cancer cells, remain to be established. By using CLIFinder, a dedicated bioinformatics tool, we found that LCT expression was widespread in normal brain and aggressive glioma samples, and that approximately 17% of recent L1 retrotransposons, from the L1PA1 to L1PA7 subfamilies, were involved in their production. Importantly, the transcriptional activities of the L1 antisense promoters and of their host loci were coupled. Accordingly, we detected LCT-producing L1 retrotransposons mainly in transcriptionally active genes and genomic loci. Moreover, changes in the host genomic locus expression level in glioma were associated with a similar change in LCT expression level, regardless of the L1 promoter methylation status. Our findings support a model in which the host genomic locus transcriptional activity is the main driving force of LCT expression. We hypothesize that this model is more applicable when host gene and LCT are transcribed from the same strand

L1 chimeric transcripts are expressed in healthy brain and their deregulation in glioma follows that of their host locus

International audienceBesides the consequences of retrotransposition, long interspersed element 1 (L1) retrotransposons can affect the host genome through their antisense promoter. In addition to the sense promoter, the evolutionarily recent L1 retrotransposons, which are present in several thousand copies, also possess an anti-sense promoter that can produce L1 chimeric transcripts (LCT) composed of the L1 5′ UTR followed by the adjacent genomic sequence. The full extent to which LCT expression occurs in a given tissue and whether disruption of the defense mechanisms that normally control L1 retrotransposons affects their expression and function in cancer cells, remain to be established. By using CLIFinder, a dedicated bioinformatics tool, we found that LCT expression was widespread in normal brain and aggressive glioma samples, and that approximately 17% of recent L1 retrotransposons, from the L1PA1 to L1PA7 subfamilies, were involved in their production. Importantly, the transcriptional activities of the L1 antisense promoters and of their host loci were coupled. Accordingly, we detected LCT-producing L1 retrotransposons mainly in transcriptionally active genes and genomic loci. Moreover, changes in the host genomic locus expression level in glioma were associated with a similar change in LCT expression level, regardless of the L1 promoter methylation status. Our findings support a model in which the host genomic locus transcriptional activity is the main driving force of LCT expression. We hypothesize that this model is more applicable when host gene and LCT are transcribed from the same strand

GHSI emergency radionuclide bioassay laboratory network: Summary of a recent exercise

The Global Health Security Initiative (GHSI) established a laboratory network within the GHSI community to develop their collective surge capacity for radionuclide bioassay in response to a radiological or nuclear emergency. A recent exercise was conducted to test the participating laboratories for their capabilities in screening and in vitro assay of biological samples, performing internal dose assessment and providing advice on medical intervention, if necessary, using a urine sample spiked with a single radionuclide, 241Am. The laboratories were required to submit their reports according to the exercise schedule and using pre-formatted templates. Generally, the participating laboratories were found to be capable with respect to rapidly screening samples for radionuclide contamination, measuring the radionuclide in the samples, assessing the intake and radiation dose, and providing advice on medical intervention. However, gaps in bioassay measurement and dose assessment have been identified. The network may take steps to ensure that procedures and practices within this network be harmonised and a follow-up exercise be organised on a larger scale, with potential participation of laboratories from the networks coordinated by the International Atomic Energy Agency and theWorld Health Organization. © The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press