NOVEL DATA ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE TO EVALUATE FIELD NOx AND CO2 CONTINUOUS EMISSION DATA, BASED ON THE EVALUATION OF: (1) AN OFF-ROAD DIESEL COMPACTOR RUNNING ON THREE FUEL TYPES AND (2) TWO COMPACTORS RUNNING ON DIESEL FUEL

In spite of being few in number, off-road vehicles have a significant contribution to air pollutants such as NOx and CO2. Engine dynamometer test cycles have been developed in an effort to better characterize the emissions from off-road vehicles. However, these test cycles may not accurately represent the emission profiles under normal operating conditions. The current study seeks to: (1) collect real-world NOx and CO2 emission profiles from an off-road diesel vehicle; (2) analyze NOx and CO2 emission profiles for a diesel off-road vehicle running on no. 2 diesel, 20% biodiesel mix (B20) and ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) fuels to determine potential emission reductions; (3) test the effect that temporal factors exert on NOx and CO2 emission profiles; (4) evaluate the emission variability between two pieces of equipment of the same model; and (5) develop a standard, systematic analysis for handling large emission data sets. The study is based on the tailpipe emission sampling of a diesel fueled 525-horsepower Trashmaster 3-90E trash compactor operated at the N.R. Hamm Landfill facility located near the city of Perry in Jefferson County, Kansas. The sampling instrument used for the study is the Simple, Portable, On-vehicle Testing (SPOT) system manufactured by Analytical Engineering Inc. The SPOT is able to collect second-by-second data for total exhaust mass flow, relative humidity, engine speed, and NOx and CO2 emissions among other parameters. The fuel types used include regular no. 2 diesel, B20 and ULSD. The sampling campaign took place in two stages: (1) running the compactor with regular no. 2 diesel from August 28 to September 1 and with B20 and ULSD fuels from September 12 to September 15, 2005, and (2) running a second compactor of the same model with no. 2 diesel. The purpose of the first stage of the project was to determine the possible emission reductions from the use of B20 and ULSD. The purpose of the second stage was to test the emission variability between two compactors of the same model. This is relevant since it is commonly assumed that the emission profile from one engine is representative for all engines of the same type and family. Initial data analysis showed a significant autocorrelation in the NOx and CO2 data observations. Autocorrelation is inherent in continuous data sets where sequential observations are too close together to be independent from each other and must be resolved so that a robust statistical analysis may ensue. By using a time interval data reduction technique a set of quasi-independent observations was produced. This technique allowed for a valid use of the general linear model (GLM) with engine speed as the covariate factor to test day, fuel type and compactor factors. For the first stage of the project the results from the GLM showed that neither day nor fuel type factors were statistically significant on NOx and CO2 emissions. These results suggest that NOx and CO2 emissions are not dependent on the day in which they were collected or on the fuel type used. The second stage of the project involved the comparison of NOx and CO2 emissions from two compactors of the same model while running on no. 2 diesel fuel. The results from the temporal analysis indicated that the day factor was not statistically significant for either of the two pollutants. Results from the compactor analysis showed that compactor was not a statistically significant factor on NOx emissions. However, the interaction of compactor and engine speed factors was found to be statistically significant on NOx emissions. For CO2 emissions the results indicated that compactor was a statistically significant factor. These results suggest that the there is a statistically significant difference between the NOx and CO2 emissions obtained from each of the two compactors. However, this difference is expressed differently in each of the two data sets. In addition to the GLM analyses, a data fitting model analysis was also completed for NOx and CO2. The results showed that the linear and the cubic models do a good job of fitting the NOx and CO2 data and they both have high R2 values. These data fitting technique may be used to estimate NOx and CO2 emissions based solely on engine speed after an emission profile has been collected. This information can be of great import to obtain more accurate emission estimates from off-road diesel vehicles. This study makes three main contributions including the development of a data handling technique to deal with autocorrelation in continuous data. This study also showed that the three fuel types evaluated had no significant effect on NOx and CO2 emissions. Finally, the evaluation of two Trashmaster 3-90E compactors showed that NOx and CO2 emissions are significantly different between the compactors

Qualifying and Quantifying the Rate of Decomposition in the Delaware River Valley Region

Human decompositional changes and the post-mortem interval (PMI) required to produce those effects have been demonstrated to vary tremendously based on environmental conditions specific to the region in which decomposition is taking place. Studies to that effect have been conducted in select areas throughout the country, but have yet to be undertaken in southeastern Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware. Given the hypothesis regarding regional differences in the rate of decay, this study set out to assess the decomposition process as it applies to the Delaware River Valley (DRV) region and to provide formulas from which to estimate time since death. The dearth of studies in this area, highlighted the need for region-specific standards, increased the accuracy of time since death estimates, and improved quantitative methods. To this end, a retroactive approach was taken in which cases from the Delaware Office of the Chief Medical Examiner with a known date last seen and date recovered were compiled. Using these cases, a qualitative analysis was conducted examining the specific decompositional changes which occur in various contexts. Quantitatively, a linear regression analysis was employed to determine if accumulated degree days (ADD) or PMI explained more of the variation in decomposition. To complement this work, a multivariate regression analysis was conducted to identify key covariates and assess their impact on the rate of decay. Lastly, to validate region-specific standards, the DRV models were compared to those presented in Megyesi et al. (2005). For this validation process, a specific progression to decomposition in the DRV was identified and total body score (TBS) systems for both outdoor and indoor cases, and aquatic depositions, were developed. ADD and TBS were determined to be central components in modeling decay. In addition, outdoor cases were demonstrated to decompose fastest. Finally, the DRV model explained more of the variation in decomposition and more accurately estimated ADD than that of Megyesi et al. (2005). In total, a set of time since death estimation formulas applicable to indoor, outdoor, and aquatic contexts were produced, and region-specific standards best-suited to estimating time since death in the Delaware River Valley were developed

Determination of land conflict use in two rural divisions called Las Petacas y La Correa, which are part of the municipality of Puerto Rondon, inside de river Cravo Norte basin, located in the department of Arauca

Los conflictos de uso de suelo se determinan por la necesidad de saber si una actividad que se realice sobre un tipo o unidad de suelo, genera degradación o no en él, o si por el contrario la actividad genera un desaprovechamiento en su uso. En el presente estudio se determinó el conflicto de uso de suelo para las veredas Las Petacas y La Correa del municipio de Puerto Rondón dentro de la cuenca del río Cravo Norte en el departamento de Arauca a escala 1:25.000, mediante la metodología vigente y propuesta por el Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazzi - IGAC, como insumo para la realización del Plan de Ordenación y Manejo de la cuenca y se realizó su comparación con el uso obtenido por el EOT del municipio de Puerto Rondón, obteniendo que en el EOT del municipio el conflicto de uso de suelo se determina a una escala de captura de información regional (1:100.000 o mayor) lo cual trae problemas en la regulación de la intervención en este territorio a corto, mediano y largo plazo, pues no se genera una base técnica suficientemente robusta para orientar la acción sobre el espacio físico del municipio.Antea Colombia S.A.S.Conflicts in land`s use are determined by necessity of knowing if any activity which is made on a kind or unit soil, generates or not degradation in soil, or conversely, the activity produces a miss of use.. This study determined the conflicting land`s use in two rural divisions called Las Petacas y La Correa, , inside de river Cravo Norte basin, located in the department of Arauca to scale 1:25.000, was found. This was made by means of current methodology proposed by the “Instituto Geografico Agustín Codazzi – IGAC” as a tool for carrying out the land use plan and watershed management, and comparing with the land use obtained by the EOT (Esquema de Ordenamiento Territoria- Land use scheme) of Puerto Rondon municipality, obtaining in municipality`s EOT, conflict land use is determined on a scale of capture regional information ( 1:100,000 or larger) that results in some inconvenients with the regulation of the intervention of this territory in a short, medium and long term, since it does not generate a robustly enough technical basis to guide the actions on the municipality physical space

Neuromarketing: Tecnologías, Mercado y Retos

The advances of neuroscience in the last decades have brought opportunities to use its technologies for market research. The application of these technologies, which has been called neuromarketing, has been controversial. This article analyzes current issues in this field of knowledge: different technologies, companies in this market and major challenges and discussions.Los avances de las neurociencias en las últimas décadas han traído la oportunidad de utilizar sus tecnologías al servicio de la investigación en marketing. Existen numerosas controversias en torno a esta nueva aplicación de la tecnología, a la que se ha comenzado a llamar neuromarketing. Este artículo recoge un estado de la cuestión que analiza las diferentes tecnologías, los actores del mercado y los principales problemas y debates que están surgiendo en torno a esta disciplina

La conquista dell’ibridità nella fiction di Meera Syal

The aim of this essay is to explore Meera Syal’s novels – Anita and Me and Life isn’t all ha ha hee hee – and to suggest that they show and sponsor a level of hybridity that I call ‘ibridità conclamata’ (full-blown hybridity), a condition in which the diasporic subject makes the most of the cultures that constitute him/her. At the end of both novels the female protagonists, who overcome their various crises and reach a more mature and balanced identity by valuing elements of the culture they had rejected – in this case traditional Indian culture – represent fictional embodiments of that kind of hybridity. What is implied here, and what the article tries to make clear, is that hybridity, to bring to fruition its positive potential, should not be thought of as a fixed condition but as involving continuous negotiation aimed at using to the full all the cultural resources available

Monitoramento da fenologia de Myrcianthes pungens (O. Berg) D. Legrand no estado do Rio Grande do Sul

Guabiju (Mycianthes pungens (O. Berg) Legrand) is a fruit tree with great potential for commercial exploitation due to its nutritional characteristics. The aim of this work was to study the reproductive cycle of M. pungens in different regions of Rio Grande do Sul. Phenology was monitored from September 2014 to February 2015 in the municipalities of Três Passos (Northwestern region), Parai and Guabiju (Northeastern region), and Porto Alegre (Metropolitan region). As results, variations in reproductive cycle and thermal sum among accessions were observed, and in Três Passos, the reproductive cycle had duration of 95 days and reached thermal sum of 1290°C. In the municipality of Guabiju, the reproductive cycle lasted 147 days and the thermal sum was 1603°C. In the municipality of Porto Alegre, the reproductive cycle had duration of 133 days and the thermal sum reached 1564°C.O guabijuzeiro (Mycianthes pungens (O. Berg) Legrand) é uma frutífera que apresenta grande potencial para exploração comercial de seus frutos devido às suas características nutricionais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o ciclo reprodutivo de M. pungens, entre os anos de 2014 e 2015, em distintas regiões do Rio Grande do Sul: acessos de guabijuzeiros dos municípios de Três Passos (região noroeste), Paraí e Guabiju (região nordeste) e Porto Alegre (região Metropolitana). Como resultados, observaram-se variação na fenologia e soma térmica entre os acessos, sendo que, em Três Passos, o ciclo reprodutivo teve duração de 95 dias e atingiu soma térmica de 1.290 °C. No município de Guabiju, o ciclo reprodutivo teve duração de 147 dias, e a soma térmica foi de 1.603 °C. No município de Porto Alegre, o ciclo reprodutivo foi de 133 dias, e a soma térmica, de 1.564 °C