376 research outputs found
Interaction dust-plasma in Titan's ionosphere: feedbacks on the gas phase composition
Titan's organic aerosols are formed in the ionosphere, a layer ionized by
solar VUV photons and energetic particles from the magnetosphere of Saturn,
forming a natural N2-CH4-H2 plasma. Previous works showed some chemical
evolution processes: VUV photons slightly alter the aerosols nitrile bands,
hydrogen atoms tend to hydrogenate their surface and carbon-containing species
participate to the growth of the aerosols. This work investigates the effect of
the other plasma species, namely the N2-H2 derived ions, radicals and excited
states. Industrial plasmas often use N2-H2 discharges to form ammonia-based
fertilizers, for metal nitriding, and to erode organic surfaces. Consequently,
these are likely to affect Titan's organic aerosols. We therefore developed the
THETIS experiment to study the interactions between analogues of Titan's
aerosols (tholins) and the erosive N2-H2 plasma species found in Titan's
ionosphere. Following a first paper on the evolution of the solid phase by
Scanning Electron Microscopy and IR transmission spectroscopy (Chatain et al.,
Icarus, 2020), this paper focuses on evolution of the gas phase composition, by
neutral and ion mass spectrometry. Newly formed HCN, NH3-CN and C2N2 are
extracted from the tholins as well as some other carbon-containing species and
their derived ions. On the other hand, the production of ammonia strongly
decreases, probably because the H, NH and N radicals are rather used for the
production of HCN at the surface of tholins. Heterogeneous processes are
suggested: chemical processes induced by radicals at the surface would modify
and weaken the tholin structure, while ion sputtering would desorb small
molecules and highly unsaturated ions. The effect of plasma erosion on aerosols
in Titan's ionosphere could therefore lead to the formation of CN bonds in the
aerosol structure and the production of HCN or R-CN species in the gas phase.Comment: This paper has been accepted in Icarus (February 2023). The current
version in arXiv is the submitted versio
Increasing signal-to-noise ratio in over-determined Mueller matrices
This work investigates how the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of an over-determined Mueller matrix can be improved by changing the method of calculation. Specifically, our investigation focused on comparing SNRs achieved using the vector methodology from the field of partial Mueller polarimetry, and the matrix methodology. We use experimentally derived measurements from an investigation into the time-varying signal produced by the Mueller matrix of an electro-optic Bismuth Silicon Oxide (BSO) crystal undergoing cyclical impact of a Helium plasma ionisation wave. Our findings show that the vector methodology is superior to the matrix methodology, with a maximum SNR of 7.54 versus 4.97. We put forth that the superiority of the vector methodology is due to its greater flexibility, which results in the Mueller matrix being calculated with better condition matrices, and higher levels of SNR in the intensity measurements used for calculation.</p
Time-resolved nanosecond imaging of the propagation of a corona-like plasma discharge in water at positive applied voltage polarity
International audienceThe present paper is an experimental study of a pulsed filamentary plasma discharge inside liquid water in pin to plane electrode configuration. Time resolved electrical and imaging diagnostics have been performed. The initiation and the propagation of the discharge have been studied for several experimental parameters. The propagation is continuous and is followed by reilluminations at low water conductivity. The measured propagation velocity of the plasma discharge is 30km/s for the secondary positive mode. This velocity was found to be surprisingly constant whatever the experimental parameters and especially as a function of the water conductivity
Validation of non-equilibrium kinetics in CO2-N2 plasmas
This work explores the effect of N2 addition on CO2 dissociation and on the
vibrational kinetics of CO2 and CO under various non-equilibrium plasma
conditions. A self-consistent kinetic model, previously validated for pure CO2
and CO2-O2 discharges, is further extended by adding the kinetics of N2. The
vibrational kinetics considered include levels up to v = 10 for CO, v = 59 for
N2 and up to v1 = 2 and v2 = v3 = 5, respectively for the symmetric stretch,
bending and asymmetric stretch modes of CO2, and account for electron-impact
excitation and de-excitation (e-V), vibration-to-translation (V-T) and
vibration-to-vibration energy exchange (V-V) processes. The kinetic scheme is
validated by comparing the model predictions with recent experimental data
measured in a DC glow discharge operating in pure CO2 and in CO2-N2 mixtures,
at pressures in the range 0.6 - 4 Torr (80.00 - 533.33 Pa) and a current of 50
mA. The experimental results show a higher vibrational temperature of the
different modes of CO2 and CO and an increased dissociation fraction of CO2,
that can reach values as high as 70%, when N2 is added to the plasma. On the
one hand, the simulations suggest that the former effect is the result of the
CO2-N2 and CO-N2 V-V transfers and the reduction of quenching due to the
decrease of atomic oxygen concentration; on the other hand, the dilution of CO2
and dissociation products, CO and O2, reduces the importance of back reactions
and contributes to the higher CO2 dissociation fraction with increased N2
content in the mixture, while the N2(B3Pg) electronically excited state further
enhances the CO2 dissociation
Characterization of a DC glow discharge in N2-H2 with electrical measurements and neutral and ion mass spectrometry
The addition of small amounts of H2 were investigated in a DC glow discharge
in N2, at low pressure (~1 mbar) and low power (0.05 to 0.2 W.cm-3). We
quantified the electric field, the electron density, the ammonia production and
the formation of positive ions for amounts of H2 varying between 0 and 5%,
pressure values between 0.5 and 4 mbar, and currents between 10 and 40 mA. The
addition of less than 1% H2 has a strong effect on the N2 plasma discharges.
Hydrogen quenches the (higher) vibrational levels of N2 and some of its highly
energetic metastable states. This leads to the increase of the discharge
electric field and consequently of the average electron energy. As a result,
higher quantities of radical and excited species are suspected to be produced.
The addition of hydrogen also leads to the formation of new species. In
particular, ammonia and hydrogen-bearing ions have been observed: N2H+ and NH4+
being the major ones, and also H3+, NH+, NH2+, NH3+, N3H+ and N3H3+. The
comparison to a radiofrequency capacitively coupled plasma (RF CCP) discharge
in similar experimental conditions shows that both discharges led to similar
observations. The study of N2-H2 discharges in the laboratory in the adequate
ionization conditions then gives some insights on which plasma species made of
nitrogen and hydrogen could be present in the ionosphere of Titan. Here, we
identified some protonated ions, which are reactive species that could
participate to the erosion of organic aerosols on Titan.Comment: Paper accepted in Plasma Sources Science and Technology in March
2023. The current version on arXiv is the submitted versio
N2-H2 capacitively coupled radio-frequency discharges at low pressure: II. Modeling results: The relevance of plasma-surface interaction
In this work, we present the results of simulations carried out for N2-H2 capacitively coupled radio-frequency discharges, running at low pressure (0.3-0.9 mbar), low power (5-20 W), and for amounts of H2 up to 5%. Simulations are performed using a hybrid code that couples a two-dimensional time-dependent fluid module, describing the dynamics of the charged particles in the discharge, to a zero-dimensional kinetic module, that solves the Boltzmann equation and describes the production and destruction of neutral species. The model accounts for the production of several vibrationally and electronic excited states, and contains a detailed surface chemistry that includes recombination processes and the production of NH x molecules. The results obtained highlight the relevance of the interactions between plasma and surface, given the role of the secondary electron emission in the electrical parameters of the discharge and the critical importance of the surface production of ammonia to the neutral and ionic chemistry of the discharge.The Portuguese Foundation sponsored this research for Science and Technology (FCT) in the framework of the
Strategic Funding UID/FIS/04650/2019
Study of vibrational kinetics of CO2 and CO in CO2-O2 plasmas under non-equilibrium conditions
This work explores the effect of O2 addition on CO2 dissociation and on the
vibrational kinetics of CO2 and CO under various non-equilibrium plasma
conditions. A self-consistent model, previously validated for pure CO2
discharges, is further extended by adding the vibrational kinetics of CO,
including electron impact excitation and de-excitation (e-V),
vibration-to-translation relaxation (V-T) and vibration-to-vibration energy
exchange (V-V) processes. The vibrational kinetics considered include levels up
to v = 10 for CO and up to v1=2 and v2=v3=5, respectively for the symmetric
stretch, bending and asymmetric stretch modes of CO2, and accounts for e-V, V-T
in collisions between CO, CO2 and O2 molecules and O atoms and V-V processes
involving all possible transfers involving CO2 and CO molecules. The kinetic
scheme is validated by comparing the model predictions with recent experimental
data measured in a DC glow discharge, operating at pressures in the range 0.4 -
5 Torr (53.33 - 666.66 Pa). The experimental results show a lower vibrational
temperature of the different modes of CO2 and a decreased dissociation fraction
of CO2 when O2 is added to the plasma but an increase of the vibrational
temperature of CO. On the one hand, the simulations suggest that the former
effect is the result of the stronger V-T energy-transfer collisions with O
atoms which leads to an increase of the relaxation of the CO2 vibrational
modes; On the other hand, the back reactions with O2 contribute to the lower
CO2 dissociation fraction with increased O2 content in the mixture.Comment: 34 pages 15 figure
DISSOCIATION OF O2 BY ELECTRON IMPACT IN PLASMA
Константа скорости диссоциации О2 была измерена в широком диапазоне E/N в тлеющем разряде постоянного тока. Поле Е определялось зондовым методом, а плотность газа N - из измерений газовой температуры по спектру излучения Р-ветви полосы O2(b1g+) O2(X3g-). Плотность атомов О(3P) измерялась методом TALIF, а отношение O(3P)/N, кроме этого, определялось методом актинометрии по атомам Ar. Время разрешенная актинометрия в модулированном разряде использовалась для определения скорости гибели атомов О(3Р). Из данных измерений была получена константа скорости диссоциации О2 как функция E/N. Анализ полученных данных позволил детально рассмотреть механизмы диссоциации и возбуждения высоких электронных состояний О2 и сформировать новый самосогласованный набор сечений для молекулы О2.DC glow discharges in pure O2 in a Pyrex tube were studied to measure dissociation rate constant over a wide range of E/N. E was found from probe measurements while gas density N - from the measurements of the gas temperature from the O2(b1g+) O2(X3g-) emission spectrum. O(3P) atom density was measured by TALIF while O(3P)/N ratio was also determined by Ar actinometry. Time-resolved actinometry on partially-modulated discharges was used to measure the loss rate of O atoms. From these measurements the O2 dissociation rate constant was determined as a function of E/N. The obtained data allowed analyzing both dissociation and excitation mechanisms of the high electronic states of O2 as well as forming a new self-consistent cross section set for O2 molecule.119-11
Fluorescence (TALIF) measurement of atomic hydrogen concentration in a coplanar surface dielectric barrier discharge
Spatially and temporally resolved measurements of atomic hydrogen concentration above the dielectric of coplanar barrier discharge are presented for atmospheric pressure in 2.2% H2/Ar. The measurements were carried out in the afterglow phase by means of two-photon absorption laser-induced fluorescence (TALIF). The difficulties of employing the TALIF technique in close proximity to the dielectric surface wall were successfully addressed by taking measurements on a suitable convexly curved dielectric barrier, and by proper mathematical treatment of parasitic signals from laser–surface interactions. It was found that the maximum atomic hydrogen concentration is situated closest to the dielectric wall from which it gradually decays. The maximum absolute concentration was more than 10^22 m-3. In the afterglow phase, the concentration of atomic hydrogen above the dielectric surface stays constant for a considerable time (10 us - 1 ms), with longer times for areas situated farther from the dielectric surface. The existence of such a temporal plateau was explained by the presented 1D model: the recombination losses of atomic hydrogen farther from the dielectric surface are compensated by the diffusion of atomic hydrogen from regions close to the dielectric surface. The fact that a temporal plateau exists even closest to the dielectric surface suggests that the dielectric surface acts as a source of atomic hydrogen in the afterglow phase
Plasma-photocatalytic conversion of CO2 at low temperatures: Understanding the synergistic effect of plasma-catalysis
A coaxial dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor has been developed for plasma-catalytic conversion of pure CO2 into CO and O2 at low temperatures (<150°C) and atmospheric pressure. The effect of specific energy density (SED) on the performance of the plasma process has been investigated. In the absence of a catalyst in the plasma, the maximum conversion of CO2 reaches 21.7% at a SED of 80kJ/L. The combination of plasma with BaTiO3 and TiO2 photocatalysts in the CO2 DBD slightly increases the gas temperature of the plasma by 6-11°C compared to the CO2 discharge in the absence of a catalyst at a SED of 28kJ/L. The synergistic effect from the combination of plasma with photocatalysts (BaTiO3 and TiO2) at low temperatures contributes to a significant enhancement of both CO2 conversion and energy efficiency by up to 250%. The UV intensity generated by the CO2 discharge is significantly lower than that emitted from UV lamps that are used to activate photocatalysts in conventional photocatalytic reactions, which suggests that the UV emissions generated by the CO2 DBD only play a very minor role in the activation of the BaTiO3 and TiO2 catalysts in the plasma-photocatalytic conversion of CO2. The synergy of plasma-catalysis for CO2 conversion can be mainly attributed to the physical effect induced by the presence of catalyst pellets in the discharge and the dominant photocatalytic surface reaction driven by the plasma
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