The Concept of Authority in the Persuasion of Christ and St Paul

It will be our purpose in this paper to review some of the more prominent concepts of persuasive authority found in churches today. We will then endeavor to present the Biblical concept of persuasive authority, as it is found in the New Testament, especially in the Gospels and in the life and writings of St. Paul

New Paleomagnetic Data From Thurston Island: Implications for the Tectonics of West Antarctica and Weddell Sea Opening

Paleomagnetic data from three West Antarctic crustal blocks (Antarctic Peninsula (AP), Thurston Island-Eights Coast (TI), and the Ellsworth-Whitmore Mountains (EWM) indicate that there has been motion between the individual blocks and motion relative to East Antarctica during the Mesozoic. A Triassic paleomagnetic pole from the TI block (116°E, 61°S, A_95 = 19.4°, N = 3 VGPs) appears to indicate that the block has rotated ~90° relative to East Antarctica between 230 Ma and 110 Ma. Our previously reported Middle Jurassic paleomagnetic pole from the EWM block indicates that a 90° rotation relative to East Antarctica occurred sometime between the Cambrian and 175 Ma. We believe that the 90° counterclockwise EWM rotation occurred between ~220 Ma and 175 Ma related to the development of post-Gondwanide Orogeny shear zones. The motion of the AP, TI, and EWM blocks appears to be linked during the mid- to late Mesozoic to three major events in the evolution of the southern ocean basins. Opening in the Mozambique-Somali-Weddell Sea basins may have produced major counterclockwise rotation of the TI block with respect to East Antarctica between the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous based on new Late Jurassic (145°E, 64.5°S, A_95 = 7°,N = 5 VGPs) poles. We believe that the TI rotation, as well as deformation in the southern AP block, was caused by collision and shearing of the EWM block against the other two as the EWM block moved southward with East Antarctica. An Early Cretaceous paleomagnetic pole (232°E, 49°S, A_95 = 7.9°, N = 5 VGPs) from the TI block requires that between the Early and mid- Cretaceous there was clockwise rotation, with respect to East Antarctica, of the AP-TI-EWM blocks (an entity we call Weddellia). A change in the opening history of the Weddell Sea basin caused by initiation of spreading in the South Atlantic ocean basin at ~130 Ma probably started Weddellia's clockwise rotation. Two new ~110 and ~90 Ma poles from the TI block (210°E, 73°S, A_95 = 7.6°,N = 7 VGPs and 161°E, 81°S, A_95= 3.9°,N = 18 VGPs, respectively) are similar to equivalent age poles from the AP block and East Antarctica and indicate that Weddellia was at or near its present-day position with respect to East Antarctica by ~110 Ma. This corresponds to a time of major plate reorganization in the South Atlantic and southeast Indian Oceans. Based on both the new TI paleomagnetic data and previously reported data from Marie Byrd Land (MBL), dextral shearing would be expected to have occurred between MBL and Weddellia since the mid-Cretaceous. Pine Island Bay, the area between the TI and MBL blocks, marks a fundamental and complex tectonic boundary in West Antarctica that we propose has largely been a zone of transcurrent shearing

Observation of mesospheric air inside the arctic stratospheric polar vortex in early 2003

During several balloon flights inside the Arctic polar vortex in early 2003, unusual trace gas distributions were observed, which indicate a strong influence of mesospheric air in the stratosphere. The tuneable diode laser (TDL) instrument SPIRALE (Spectroscopie InFrarouge par Absorption de Lasers Embarqués) measured unusually high CO values (up to 600 ppb) on 27 January at about 30 km altitude. The cryosampler BONBON sampled air masses with very high molecular Hydrogen, extremely low SF6 and enhanced CO values on 6 March at about 25 km altitude. Finally, the MIPAS (Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding) Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectrometer showed NOy values which are significantly higher than NOy* (the NOy derived from a correlation between N2O and NOy under undisturbed conditions), on 21 and 22 March in a layer centred at 22 km altitude. Thus, the mesospheric air seems to have been present in a layer descending from about 30 km in late January to 25 km altitude in early March and about 22 km altitude on 20 March. We present corroborating evidence from a model study using the KASIMA (KArlsruhe Simulation model of the Middle Atmosphere) model that also shows a layer of mesospheric air, which descended into the stratosphere in November and early December 2002, before the minor warming which occurred in late December 2002 lead to a descent of upper stratospheric air, cutting of a layer in which mesospheric air is present. This layer then descended inside the vortex over the course of the winter. The same feature is found in trajectory calculations, based on a large number of trajectories started in the vicinity of the observations on 6 March. Based on the difference between the mean age derived from SF6 (which has an irreversible mesospheric loss) and from CO2 (whose mesospheric loss is much smaller and reversible) we estimate that the fraction of mesospheric air in the layer observed on 6 March, must have been somewhere between 35% and 100%

Ellsworth-Whitmore Mountains Crustal Block, Western Antarctica: New paleomagnetic results and their tectonic significance

Preliminary paleomagnetic study of granitic and sedimentary rocks from the Ellsworth-Whitmore Mountains crustal block (EVH), Vest Antarctica, leads to the following conclusions: (1) The EVH has a paleogole for the Middle Jurassic located at 235°E, 41°S, (α₉₅ = 5.3, N = 8 sites) assuming that no widespread regional tilting has occurred since the magnetization measured was acquired. A Middle Jurassic paleolatitude of 47°S is indicated for the sites and precludes an original location for the EVH block south of the Antarctic Peninsula crustal block (AP). (2) This pole is not significantly different from the previously published Middle Jurassic paleopole obtained from rocks of the northern Antarctic Peninsula. The combined AP-EVH paleopole, compared to the Middle Jurassic mean paleopole obtained from igneous rocks of the Ferrar Supergroup in East Antarctica, suggests about 15° tectonic clockwise rotation of the AP and EVH. Since the AP and EVH poles coincide, these two crustal blocks may have moved as one unit since the Middle Jurassic. ( 3) The new data are compatible with two different Gondwanaland reconstructions. The first considers the AP and EVH as separate entities. The second is based on the movement of the AP and EVH as one block. For the Middle Jurassic, both reconstructions would locate the EVH west of Coats Land and south of the Falkland Plateau, with the adjacent AP located south of southernmost South America. (4) Enigmas concerning the structural trend and isolation of the thick Ellsworth Mountains Paleozoic succession persist

Validation and data characteristics of methane and nitrous oxide profiles observed by MIPAS and processed with Version 4.61 algorithm

The ENVISAT validation programme for the atmospheric instruments MIPAS, SCIAMACHY and GOMOS is based on a number of balloon-borne, aircraft, satellite and ground-based correlative measurements. In particular the activities of validation scientists were coordinated by ESA within the ENVISAT Stratospheric Aircraft and Balloon Campaign or ESABC. As part of a series of similar papers on other species [this issue] and in parallel to the contribution of the individual validation teams, the present paper provides a synthesis of comparisons performed between MIPAS CH4 and N2O profiles produced by the current ESA operational software (Instrument Processing Facility version 4.61 or IPF v4.61, full resolution MIPAS data covering the period 9 July 2002 to 26 March 2004) and correlative measurements obtained from balloon and aircraft experiments as well as from satellite sensors or from ground-based instruments. In the middle stratosphere, no significant bias is observed between MIPAS and correlative measurements, and MIPAS is providing a very consistent and global picture of the distribution of CH4 and N2O in this region. In average, the MIPAS CH4 values show a small positive bias in the lower stratosphere of about 5%. A similar situation is observed for N2O with a positive bias of 4%. In the lower stratosphere/upper troposphere (UT/LS) the individual used MIPAS data version 4.61 still exhibits some unphysical oscillations in individual CH4 and N2O profiles caused by the processing algorithm (with almost no regularization). Taking these problems into account, the MIPAS CH4 and N2O profiles are behaving as expected from the internal error estimation of IPF v4.61 and the estimated errors of the correlative measurements

Seismicity and Pn Velocity Structure of Central West Antarctica

We have located 117 previously undetected seismic events mainly occurring between 2015 and 2017 that originated from glacial, tectonic, and volcanic processes in central West Antarctica using data recorded on Polar Earth Observing Network (POLENET/ANET) and UK Antarctic Network (UKANET) seismic stations. The seismic events, with local magnitudes (ML) ranging from 1.1 to 3.5, are predominantly clustered in four geographic regions; the Ellsworth Mountains, Thwaites Glacier, Pine Island Glacier, and Mount Takahe. Eighteen of the events are in the Ellsworth Mountains and can be attributed to a mixture of glacial and tectonic processes. The largest event noted in this study was a mid‐crustal (∼19 km focal depth; ML 3.5) normal mechanism earthquake beneath Thwaites Glacier. We also located 91 glacial events near the grounding zones of Thwaites Glacier and Pine Island Glacier that are predominantly associated with time periods of significant calving activity. Eight events, likely arising from volcano‐tectonic processes, occurred beneath Mount Takahe. Using Pn travel times from the seismic events, we find laterally variable uppermost mantle structure in central West Antarctica. On average, the Ellsworth Mountains are underlain by a faster mantle lid (VPn = ∼8.4 km/s) compared to the Amundsen Sea Embayment region (VPn = ∼8.1 km/s). Within the Amundsen Sea Embayment itself, we find mantle lid velocities ranging from ∼8.05 to 8.18 km/s. Laterally heterogeneous uppermost mantle structure, indicative of variable thermal and rheological structure, likely influences both geothermal heat flux and glacial isostatic adjustment spatial patterns and rates within central West Antarctica

Tularemia Outbreak Investigation in Kosovo: Case Control and Environmental Studies

A large outbreak of tularemia occurred in Kosovo in the early postwar period, 1999-2000. Epidemiologic and environmental investigations were conducted to identify sources of infection, modes of transmission, and household risk factors. Case and control status was verified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Western blot, and microagglutination assay. A total of 327 serologically confirmed cases of tularemia pharyngitis and cervical lymphadenitis were identified in 21 of 29 Kosovo municipalities. Matched analysis of 46 case households and 76 control households suggested that infection was transmitted through contaminated food or water and that the source of infection was rodents. Environmental circumstances in war-torn Kosovo led to epizootic rodent tularemia and its spread to resettled rural populations living under circumstances of substandard housing, hygiene, and sanitation

Balloon-borne stratospheric BrO measurements: comparison with Envisat/SCIAMACHY BrO limb profiles

International audienceFor the first time, results of four stratospheric BrO profiling instruments, are presented and compared with reference to the SLIMCAT 3-dimensional chemical transport model (3-D CTM). Model calculations are used to infer a BrO profile validation set, measured by 3 different balloon sensors, for the new Envisat/SCIAMACHY (ENVIronment SATellite/SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY) satellite instrument. The balloon observations include (a) balloon-borne in situ resonance fluorescence detection of BrO (Triple), (b) balloon-borne solar occultation DOAS measurements (Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy) of BrO in the UV, and (c) BrO profiling from the solar occultation SAOZ (Systeme d'Analyse par Observation Zenithale) balloon instrument. Since stratospheric BrO is subject to considerable diurnal variation and none of the measurements are performed close enough in time and space for a direct comparison, all balloon observations are considered with reference to outputs from the 3-D CTM. The referencing is performed by forward and backward air mass trajectory calculations to match the balloon with the satellite observations. The diurnal variation of BrO is considered by 1-D photochemical model calculation along the trajectories. The 1-D photochemical model is initialised with output data of the 3-D model with additional constraints on the vertical transport, the total amount and photochemistry of stratospheric bromine as given by the various balloon observations. Total [Bry]=(20.1±2.5) pptv obtained from DOAS BrO observations at mid-latitudes in 2003, serves as an upper limit of the comparison. Most of the balloon observations agree with the photochemical model predictions within their given error estimates. First retrieval exercises of BrO limb profiling from the SCIAMACHY satellite instrument on average agree to around 20% with the photochemically-corrected balloon observations of the remote sensing instruments (SAOZ and DOAS). An exception is the in situ Triple profile, in which the balloon and satellite data mostly does not agree within the given errors. In general, the satellite measurements show systematically higher values below 25 km than the balloon data and a change in profile shape above about 25 km