Endemismus in der Flora der Mongolei

Im Grad des Endemismus spiegelt sich die Eigentümlichkeit und die Eigenart der Flora iedes Landes und in der Zusammensetzung der Endemiten das Alter dieser Flora sowie ihre verwandtschaftlichen Beziehungen und ihre Entstehung wider. Besonders anschaulich kommen die verwandtschaftlichen Beziehungen der Flora eines Landes zu den Floren der angrenzenden Territorien zum Vorschein, wenn man die Angaben analysiert die die Subendemiten betreffen. 1. Der Endemismus in der Flora der Mongolei ist nicht bedeutend. Nur 10.1 % (229 Arten) von der Gesamtartenzahl (2272) können als Endemiten betrachtet werden. Dabei machen die Endemiten im engeren Sinne nur 3,8 % (86 Arten) und die Subendemiten 6,3 % (143 Arten) aus. Die Rangstufe dieses Endemismus ist ziemlich niedrig. In der Mongolischen Volksrepublik fehlen nicht nur endemische Pflanzenfamilien, sondern auch endemische Gattungen völlig. 2. Die überwältigende Mehrzahl e/4) der Endemiten entfällt auf den zentralasiatischen (hauptsächlich auf den gobischen) Teil des Landes. 3. Subendemiten verteilen sich folgendel\u27maflen: Den gröflten Teil bilden die zentralasiatischen Arten -98 (oder 69 % der Gesamtzahl an Subendemiten). Diese 98 Arten verteilen sich wie folgt: a) Die Zahl der gobischen Arten( das Areal schlieflt auch die angrenzenden chinesischen Wüstengebiete ein) beträgt 58 (oder 41 %). b) Die Zahl der altajisch-mongolischen Arten (das Areal schlieflt auch die Wüsten-und Trockensteppengebiete der Gebirgslandschaften des Altai, hauptsächlich die TschujSteppe und teilweise auch die Territorien des südwestlichen Tuwa ein) beträgt 20 (oder 14 %). c) Die Zahl der dsungarisch-mongolischen Arten (das Areal schlieflt auch die Dsungarisehe Gobi und seltener die Dsungarischen Gebirgsketten ein) ist 10 (oder 7 %). d) Die Zahl der altajisch-mongolischen Arten (das Areal schlieflt auch die Wüsten-und Trockensteppengebiete des südlichen Tuwa, hauptsächlich das Becken des Sees Uvsnuur ein) beträgt 10 (oder 7 %). Den anderen, kleineren Teil bilden die borealen ostsibirischen Arten -ihre Zahl ist 45 (oder 31 %). Diese 45 Arten verteilen sich wie folgt: a) die Zahl der altajischen Arten beträgt 20 (oder 14 %,); b) die Zahl der daurischen Arten ist 18 (oder 12,5 %); c) die Zahl der sajanischen Arten ist 5 (oder 3,5 %); d) die Zahl der mandschurischen Arten beträgt 2 (oder 1 %). 4. In taxonomischer Hinsicht gehört der gröflte Teil der endemischen Arten folgenden Pflanzenfamilien an: der Familie Leguminosae -34 Endemiten und 53 Subendemiten, hauptsächlich die Gattungen Oxytropis (14+38) und Astragalus (14+10); der Familie Compositae -21 Endemiten und 28 Subendemiten, hauptsächlich die Gattungen Artemisia (7+6) und Saussurea (5+7)

Quality control of the workshops, the Danish approach

To fulfil European legislation, inspection of sprayers in Denmark started in 2014. The Danish Environment Protection Agency has authorised approximately 120 workshops with educated inspectors to carry out the inspections. It was a priority to implement an IT solution to cover all inspection reports, data about the workshops and inspectors as well as all data on the inspection equipment. It was chosen to translate and modify the IT system SYS that has been developed and used in the Netherlands. In SYS statistics from performed inspections by each workshop and each inspector can be compared with country average as regards repairs made during inspections. Statistics reports on workshop repairs are made on regular basis and these are discussed with inspectors and workshop managers during visits at the workshops. As types, brands, age and condition of sprayers differ between the sprayers inspected at different workshops there are often good reasons why number and type of repairs differ between workshops. The statistic report are however good for discussions with workshops.To fulfil European legislation, inspection of sprayers in Denmark started in 2014. The Danish Environment Protection Agency has authorised approximately 120 workshops with educated inspectors to carry out the inspections. It was a priority to implement an IT solution to cover all inspection reports, data about the workshops and inspectors as well as all data on the inspection equipment. It was chosen to translate and modify the IT system SYS that has been developed and used in the Netherlands. In SYS statistics from performed inspections by each workshop and each inspector can be compared with country average as regards repairs made during inspections. Statistics reports on workshop repairs are made on regular basis and these are discussed with inspectors and workshop managers during visits at the workshops. As types, brands, age and condition of sprayers differ between the sprayers inspected at different workshops there are often good reasons why number and type of repairs differ between workshops. The statistic report are however good for discussions with workshops

ЦЕНТРАЛЬНО-АЗІЙСЬКА П’ЯТІРКА У «ТИСКАХ» КОНКУРУЮЧИХ ГЕОСТРАТЕГІЙ: ХТО І ЧОГО ПРАГНЕ

Метою статті є розкриття змісту геополітичних стратегій головних гравців в Центрально- Азійському регіоні, якими на сьогодні є Росія, Китай і США. Констатується, що взаємна риторика лідерів країн і тональність документів [Стратегій] не приховує того факту, що боротьба між ними в регіоні набирає обертів по мірі зростання ваги економічної, політичної і воєнної складових безпеки. Афганська компанія США (2001-2021 рр.) переросла у стратегію присутності (2015 р.), метою якої стало закріплення присутності у ключовому регіоні «дуги нестабільності» (З.Бжезінський) багатому природними ресурсами. У першу чергу йдеться про енергоносії як нафту і газ, рідкоземельні і дорогоцінні метали та уранову руду. Неабияке значення з боку сторін конкуренції приділяється контролю над існуючою інфраструктурою і майбутнім глобальним проектом на зразок «Один пояс - Один шлях», який в Центральною Азійському регіоні прагне реалізувати Китай. Звернено увагу, що цілі нової геополітичної гри, яка розпочалася з 2015 року кожна сторона намагається обернути у більш прийнятні слогани як-то «демократія і процвітання» - США, «рівноправні відносини близьких по духу й історії народів» - Росія, «виважений діалог з країнами-партнерами» - Китай. Проте, виходячи з того що 30 літня історія незалежності принесли країнам Азійської п’ятірки - Казахстану, Киргизстану, Таджикистану, Туркменістану і Узбекистану досить скромні результати соціально-економічного і культурного розвитку, діючі лідери прагнуть позбутися помилок колишнього керівництва та розширити формат дружніх відносин за рахунок нерегіональних держав. В першу чергу йдеться про проект «тюркської спільноти». Наукова новизна дослідження полягає у розкритті онтологічних основ геополітичних стратегій, які реалізують Росія, Китай і США та можливих реакцій Азійської п’ятірки на ризики які вони можуть нести для безпеки країн і регіону в цілому. Тип статті: теоретична

Statistical Properties and Predictability of Extreme Epileptic Events

The use of extreme events theory for the analysis of spontaneous epileptic brain activity is a relevant multidisciplinary problem. It allows deeper understanding of pathological brain functioning and unraveling mechanisms underlying the epileptic seizure emergence along with its predictability. The latter is a desired goal in epileptology which might open the way for new therapies to control and prevent epileptic attacks. With this goal in mind, we applied the extreme event theory for studying statistical properties of electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings of WAG/Rij rats with genetic predisposition to absence epilepsy. Our approach allowed us to reveal extreme events inherent in this pathological spiking activity, highly pronounced in a particular frequency range. The return interval analysis showed that the epileptic seizures exhibit a highly-structural behavior during the active phase of the spiking activity. Obtained results evidenced a possibility for early (up to 7 s) prediction of epileptic seizures based on consideration of EEG statistical properties

Studying perceptual bias in favor of the from-above Necker cube perspective in a goal-directed behavior

When viewing a completely ambiguous image, different interpretations can switch involuntarily due to internal top-down processing. In the case of the Necker cube, an entirely ambiguous stimulus, observers often display a bias in perceptual switching between two interpretations based on their perspectives: one with a from-above perspective (FA) and the other with a from-below perspective (FB). Typically, observers exhibit a priori top-down bias in favor of the FA interpretation, which may stem from a statistical tendency in everyday life where we more frequently observe objects from above. However, it remains unclear whether this perceptual bias persists when individuals voluntarily decide on the Necker cube's interpretation in goal-directed behavior, and the impact of ambiguity in this context is not well-understood. In our study, we instructed observers to voluntarily identify the orientation of a Necker cube while manipulating its ambiguity from low (LA) to high (HA). Our investigation aimed to test two hypotheses: (i) whether the perspective (FA or FB) would result in a bias in response time, and (ii) whether this bias would depend on the level of stimulus ambiguity. Additionally, we analyzed electroencephalogram (EEG) signals to identify potential biomarkers that could explain the observed perceptual bias. The behavioral results confirmed a perceptual bias in favor of the from-above perspective, as indicated by shorter response times. However, this bias diminished for stimuli with high ambiguity. For the LA stimuli, the occipital theta-band power consistently exceeded the frontal theta-band power throughout most of the decision-making time. In contrast, for the HA stimuli, the frontal theta-band power started to exceed the occipital theta-band power during the 0.3-s period preceding the decision. We propose that occipital theta-band power reflects evidence accumulation, while frontal theta-band power reflects its evaluation and decision-making processes. For the FB perspective, occipital theta-band power exhibited higher values and dominated over a longer duration, leading to an overall increase in response time. These results suggest that more information and more time are needed to encode stimuli with a FB perspective, as this template is less common for the observers compared to the template for a cube with a FA perspective

The relationship between psychosocial factors and psychological symptoms in menopausal women

修士論文要

Determination of chloroacetic acids using ion chromatography with liquid-phase microextraction preconcentration

С целью повышения чувствительности ионохроматографического определения моно-, ди-, и трихлоруксусной кислот (ХУК) в воде предложено предварительное эмульсионное микроэкстракционное концентрирование. Эмульгирование экстрагентов осуществляли с помощью ультразвукового воздействия. В качестве экстрагентов использованы диэтиловый и метил-трет-бутиловый эфиры. Проведенное сравнение экстрагентов показало преимущества метил-трет-бутилового эфира: стабильную агрегацию в отдельную фазу после диспергирования, отсутствие потерь экстрагента на стадиях анализа вследствие летучести. Для снижения пределов обнаружения и улучшения ионохроматографического разделения ХУК проводили замену органической матрицы экстракта на водную путем испарения экстрагента при комнатной температуре и растворения сухого остатка в элюенте. Осуществление данной операции позволило также устранить сложности, связанные с анализом органических экстрактов методом ионной хроматографии с кондуктометрическим детектированием. Экспериментально доказано отсутствие потерь искомых аналитов на данной стадии. Установлены зависимости эффективности микроэкстракционного концентрирования от различных параметров процесса (время ультразвукового воздействия, время центрифугирования, объем экстрагента, концентрация солевой добавки). Достигнуты пределы обнаружения 1·10-3 ‒ 8·10-3 мг/л, что в 20–600 раз ниже, чем предельно допустимые значения для ХУК в питьевой воде. Преимуществами методики перед опубликованными работами являются также удаление мешающих примесей на стадии концентрирования ХУК, малые объемы используемой воды (4.1 мл) и вводимой в хроматограф пробы (50 мкл). Относительная погрешность определения не превышает 25 %. Предлагаемая методика апробирована анализом образцов водопроводной воды. Обнаружены моно- и дихлоруксусная кислоты, их содержание не превышало значений ПДК.In order to increase the sensitivity of the ion chromatographic determination of chlorinated acetic acids (CAAs) in water, an emulsion microextraction preconcentration was proposed. The emulsification of extractants was performed by the ultrasonic irradiation. Diethyl and methyl tert-butyl ethers were used as extractants. The comparison of extractants showed the advantages of methyl tert-butyl ether: stable aggregation into a separate phase after the dispersion, no loss of extractant at the analysis stages due to volatility. To reduce the detection limits and improve the chromatographic separation of analytes, the organic matrix of the extract was replaced by water. It was achieved by evaporating the extractant at room temperature and dissolving the dry residue in the eluent. Also, this operation eliminated the difficulties associated with the analysis of organic extracts using the ion chromatography with conductivity detector. The absence of loss of the analytes at this stage was experimentally proven. The dependences of the efficiency of microextraction preconcentration on the various process parameters (ultrasonic exposure time, centrifugation time, volume of extractant, salt additive concentration) were established. The detection limits reached were 1∙10-3 ‒ 8∙10-3 mg/l, which are 20-600 times lower than the maximum permissible values for CAAs. In addition, the advantages of this preconcentration technique over the published works were the simultaneous removal of interfering impurities, small volume of water samples (4.1 ml) and chromatograph injected volume (50 μl). The relative standard deviation did not exceed 25%. The proposed method was tested by analyzing the samples of tap water. Mono- and dichloroacetic acids were detected, their content did not exceed the MAC values

Increasing Human Performance by Sharing Cognitive Load Using Brain-to-Brain Interface

Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) attract a lot of attention because of their ability to improve the brain's efficiency in performing complex tasks using a computer. Furthermore, BCIs can increase human's performance not only due to human-machine interactions, but also thanks to an optimal distribution of cognitive load among all members of a group working on a common task, i.e., due to human-human interaction. The latter is of particular importance when sustained attention and alertness are required. In every day practice, this is a common occurrence, for example, among office workers, pilots of a military or a civil aircraft, power plant operators, etc. Their routinely work includes continuous monitoring of instrument readings and implies a heavy cognitive load due to processing large amounts of visual information. In this paper, we propose a brain-to-brain interface (BBI) which estimates brain states of every participant and distributes a cognitive load among all members of the group accomplishing together a common task. The BBI allows sharing the whole workload between all participants depending on their current cognitive performance estimated from their electrical brain activity. We show that the team efficiency can be increased due to redistribution of the work between participants so that the most difficult workload falls on the operator who exhibits maximum performance. Finally, we demonstrate that the human-to-human interaction is more efficient in the presence of a certain delay determined by brain rhythms. The obtained results are promising for the development of a new generation of communication systems based on neurophysiological brain activity of interacting people. Such BBIs will distribute a common task between all group members according to their individual physical conditions