Von Datenmanagement zu Data Literacy: Informatikdidaktische Aufarbeitung des Gegenstandsbereichs Daten für den allgemeinbildenden Schulunterricht

Die Thematisierung von Daten in der Informatik befindet sich seit über einem Jahrzehnt in einem Wandel, der nicht nur technische Neuerungen nach sich zieht, sondern auch eine umfassende Neubetrachtung der Erfassung, Speicherung und Nutzung von Daten verursachte und zur Bildung eines neuen umfassenden Fachgebiets Datenmanagement führte. Die Ausmaße dieser Entwicklung zeigen sich an der zunehmenden Verarbeitung komplexer Daten (Big Data), neuen Möglichkeiten zur Datenverarbeitung und -analyse (z. B. Datenstromsysteme, Data Mining) und nicht zuletzt an der Entstehung einer eigenen Data Science. Neben fachlichen Veränderungen unterliegt aber auch die gesellschaftliche Bedeutung von Daten einem Wandel: Daten stellen nicht mehr nur ein wichtiges und innovatives Thema der Informatik, sondern das zentrale Fundament der digitalen Gesellschaft dar. Auch der Informatikunterricht konzentriert sich seit Jahren eher auf tradierte Aspekte des Fachgebiets, wie Datenbanken und Datenmodellierung, während neuere Themen allenfalls als Unterrichtskontext aufgegriffen werden. Um eine aqäquate Grundlage für den Unterricht zu diesen Themen zu schaffen, die langlebigen Aspekte der fachlichen Entwicklungen zu identifizieren und somit einen zukunftssicheren Informatikunterricht zu ermöglichen, ist eine umfassende informatikdidaktische Aufarbeitung essenziell. Somit eröffnet sich durch diese Veränderungen deutliches Potenzial, nicht nur für die Informatikdidaktik, sondern auch für die Unterrichtspraxis. In dieser Arbeit wird daher der Gegenstandsbereich Daten und insbesondere das Fachgebiet Datenmanagement aus informatikdidaktischer Sicht umfassend aufgearbeitet, mit dem Ziel ein Fundament für die weitere Forschung und die Unterrichtspraxis zu schaffen. Dazu wird das Modell der Didaktischen Rekonstruktion als Forschungsrahmen eingesetzt und das Fachgebiet aus den Perspektiven Fach, Lehrer, Schüler und Gesellschaft untersucht. Als eines der zentralen Ergebnisse wird, basierend auf einem empirisch geprägten Ansatz, ein Modell der Schlüsselkonzepte des Datenmanagements entwickelt. Um den Bogen zu allgemeinbildenden Datenkompetenzen im Sinne einer Data Literacy zu spannen, entsteht außerdem ein Data-Literacy-Kompetenzmodell, das auf Grundlagen des Datenmanagements und der Data Science fundiert wird. Um die praktische Relevanz der Ergebnisse der Arbeit zu unterstreichen, wird auf Basis der gewonnenen Erkenntnisse die Umsetzung von Datenmanagement im Informatikunterricht skizziert. Dazu werden zwei Unterrichtswerkzeuge sowie eine Unterrichtssequenz entwickelt und erprobt. Diese Arbeit schafft somit nicht nur eine Orientierung und Basis für die weitere Forschung im Kontext Daten, sondern sorgt durch die fachliche Klärung des Fachgebiets Datenmanagement auch dafür, dass dessen Kernaspekte greifbarer und klarer erkennbar werden. Sie zeigt exemplarisch, dass auch moderne und komplex erscheinende Themen des Datenmanagements unter Berücksichtigung der zugrundeliegenden Konzepte für den Unterricht geeignet aufbereitet werden können und betont die Relevanz dieser Themen, die in einer digitalen Gesellschaft und im Sinne der Schaffung einer Data Literacy zukünftig einen größeren Stellenwert im Informatikunterricht erlangen müssen

Exposure to the neonicotinoid imidacloprid disrupts sex allocation cue use during superparasitism in the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis

N.C., J.G., and D.M.S. were funded by Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) grant (NE/J024481/1). P.R.W. was funded by a University of Stirling Impact Fellowship.1. Neonicotinoid insecticides are potent neurotoxins of significant economic importance. However, it is clear that their use can adversely impact beneficial insects in the environment, even at low, sub-lethal doses. 2. It has recently been shown that the neonicotinoid imidacloprid disrupts adaptive sex allocation in the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) by limiting their ability to respond to the presence of other females on oviposition patches. In the present study, that work was extended to explore whether sex allocation when superparasitising – laying eggs on a host that has already been parasitised – is also disrupted by imidacloprid. 3. Under superparasitism, sex allocation theory predicts that females should vary their offspring sex ratio in relation to their relative clutch size. It was found that sex allocation under superparasitism in Nasonia is disrupted in a dose-dependent manner, with exposed females producing more daughters. 4. Importantly, imidacloprid does not appear to influence the ability of females to estimate the number of eggs already present on a host, suggesting a disassociation between the sex ratio and clutch size cues. 5. The present work highlights the fitness costs to beneficial insects of exposure to neonicotinoids, but also provides clues as to how female Nasonia use information when allocating sex.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Female dispersal and isolation-by-distance of Nasonia vitripennis populations in a local mate competition context

Dispersal behavior directly influences the level of inbreeding, but the effect of inbreeding avoidance on dispersal is less well studied. The parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae) is known to mate exclusively on the natal patch, and females are the only dispersing sex. A previous study has shown that foundresses on a patch are typically unrelated, implying that females disperse for a considerable distance from their natal patch after mating. We investigated dispersal of N. vitripennis on two scales. On a local scale we used a mark-release-recapture experiment, and on the larger scale we investigated isolation by distance using a population genetic approach. We found that N. vitripennis females are long-distance dispersers, capable of covering at least 2 km in 48 h. Populations within a range of 100 km showed no substructure, but larger distances or major geographical barriers restricted gene flow and led to significant population structure. The results provide a basis for future research on dispersal of parasitoids and are discussed in the context of dispersal abilities and inbreeding avoidance in Nasonia

Individual and family environmental correlates of television and computer time in 10- to 12-year-old European children: The ENERGY-project

Background: The aim was to investigate which individual and family environmental factors are related to television and computer time separately in 10- to-12-year-old children within and across five European countries (Belgium, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Norway). Methods: Data were used from the ENERGY-project. Children and one of their parents completed a questionnaire, including questions on screen time behaviours and related individual and family environmental factors. Family environmental factors included social, political, economic and physical environmental factors. Complete data were obtained from 2022 child-parent dyads (53.8 % girls, mean child age 11.2 ± 0.8 years; mean parental age 40.5 ± 5.1 years). To examine the association between individual and family environmental factors (i.e. independent variables) and television/computer time (i.e. dependent variables) in each country, multilevel regression analyses were performed using MLwiN 2.22, adjusting for children's sex and age. Results and discussion: In all countries, children reported more television and/or computer time, if children and their parents thought that the maximum recommended level for watching television and/or using the computer was higher and if children had a higher preference for television watching and/or computer use and a lower self-efficacy to control television watching and/or computer use. Most physical and economic environmental variables were not significantly associated with television or computer time. Slightly more individual factors were related to children's computer time and more parental social environmental factors to children's television time. We also found different correlates across countries: parental co-participation in television watching was significantly positively associated with children's television time in all countries, except for Greece. A higher level of parental television and computer time was only associated with a higher level of children's television and computer time in Hungary. Having rules regarding children's television time was related to less television time in all countries, except for Belgium and Norway. Conclusions: Most evidence was found for an association between screen time and individual and parental social environmental factors, which means that future interventions aiming to reduce screen time should focus on children's individual beliefs and habits as well parental social factors. As we identified some different correlates for television and computer time and across countries, cross-European interventions could make small adaptations per specific screen time activity and lay different emphases per country. Electronic supplementary material: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2276-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users

Biomechanical testing of zirconium dioxide osteosynthesis system for Le Fort I advancement osteotomy fixation

The following work is the first evaluating the applicability of 3D printed zirconium dioxide ceramic miniplates and screws to stabilize maxillary segments following a Le-Fort I advancement surgery. Conventionally used titanium and individual fabricated zirconium dioxide miniplates were biomechanically tested and compared under an occlusal load of 120N and 500N using 3D finite element analysis. The overall model consisted of 295,477 elements. Under an occlusal load of 500N a safety factor before plastic deformation respectively crack of 2.13 for zirconium dioxide and 4.51 for titanium miniplates has been calculated. From a biomechanical point of view 3D printed ZrO2 mini-plates and screws are suggested to constitute an appropriate patient specific and metal-free solution for maxillary stabilization after Le Fort I osteotomy

Evaluation of the UP4FUN Intervention: A Cluster Randomized Trial to Reduce and Break Up Sitting Time in European 10-12-Year-Old Children

Background: The UP4FUN intervention is a family-involved school-based intervention aiming at reducing and breaking up sitting time at home (with special emphasis on screen time), and breaking up sitting time in school among 10--12 year olds in Europe. The purpose of the present paper was to evaluate its short term effects. Methodology/Principal Findings: A total of 3147 pupils from Belgium, Germany, Greece, Hungary and Norway participated in a school-randomized controlled trial. The intervention included 1–2 school lessons per week for a period of six weeks, along with assignments for the children and their parents. Screen time and breaking up sitting time were registered by self-report and total sedentary time and breaking up sitting time by accelerometry. The effect of the intervention on these behaviors was evaluated by multilevel regression analyses. All analyses were adjusted for baseline values and gender. Significance level was p≤0.01. No significant intervention effects were observed, neither for self-reported TV/DVD or computer/game console time, nor for accelerometer-assessed total sedentary time and number of breaks in sitting time. The intervention group, however, reported more positive attitudes towards (β = 0.25 (95% CI 0.11, 0.38)) and preferences/liking for (β = 0.20 (95% CI 0.08, 0.32)) breaking up sitting time than the control group. Conclusions/Significance: No significant intervention effect on self-reported screen time or accelerometer-assessed sedentary time or breaks in sitting time was observed, but positive effects on beliefs regarding breaking up sitting time were found in favor of the intervention group. Overall, these results do not warrant wider dissemination of the present UP4FUN intervention. Trial Registration: International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Number Registry ISRCTN3456207

Challenges and opportunities for smallholder livestock production in post-conflict South Kivu, eastern DR Congo

A survey on smallholder livestock production with emphasis on monogastric animals was conducted in 20 villages of seven so-called ‘groupements’ of South Kivu province in DR Congo, situated along a north to south-west axis with the town of Bukavu in the center. This land adjacent to Lake Kivu is located at elevations ranging around 900–1900 m asl, experiencing tropical highland climate. A diagnostic survey helped to rapidly obtain in-depth knowledge of constraints and opportunities in this environment. Correspondence analysis and multiple regression analysis were used to investigate the association of production constraints with particular livestock species and to understand the factors that govern the number of livestock that people owned (converted to tropical livestock units [TLU]), respectively. Responses of 112 informants demonstrated that livestock is an integral part of the region’s mixed farming systems. Low livestock numbers per household at present reflect the poverty as a consequence of recent violent conflicts. Currently, farmers focus on small livestock, like poultry, swine, cavies (i.e., Guinea pigs) and rabbits. Families keep livestock to accumulate household reserves that are strongly invested in children’s education. Major issues of animal husbandry were related to animal diseases and lack of feed resources, particularly in the dry season. Lack of feed or forages were unrelated to a particular livestock species. Livestock holdings depended on animal diversity, location, land size available and respondents’ education level. The potential introduction of improved forages is challenged by their dry-season tolerance, compatibility with cropping on small farms; and people’s readiness to cultivate forages