One Toke Over the Line: The Proliferation of State Medical Marijuana Laws

[Excerpt] “Marijuana has been used for medicinal purposes for at least five thousand years. In fact, it was used medicinally in the United States up until the twentieth century when antidrug zealots managed to prohibit it. Prohibition was the status quo until 1996 when California became the first state to adopt a law allowing medicinal marijuana use. Since then, thirteen additional states, along with the District of Columbia, have enacted similar laws. More states are now lining up with their own laws, which are in various stages of adoption. In addition, the Supreme Court has impacted the issue, both with decisions made as well as those not made. The state of the law is rapidly evolving, and this article addresses its history, recent changes, and future. Part II examines the past, from the third millennium B.C. to the 1990s. Part III examines the present, including California’s trailblazing law and its imitators. Part IV examines case law and court challenges to medical marijuana laws, as well as currently pending medical marijuana laws. Part V looks to the future to determine the likely legality and impact of medical marijuana laws.

The Nature And Work of Pastoral Workers Serving Deaf People: A Report of A Limited Survey

1981 V 14 Issue

Does Testing Help Learning? Mindset and Testing’s Impact on Memory and Accuracy of Judgments

To conduct a replication of a previous experiment (Kornell & Son, 2009) to measure the accuracy and judgement of learning between two ways of studying and if receiving feedback after testing altered their learning. Participants were tasked with learning 4 lists of Indonesian words, half of the participants learned by re-exposure to the words while the other half learned by test-taking. The test-taking group was further divided into feedback or no-feedback conditions. Contrary to the previous study we found that testing did not impact memory. However, self-testing did make learners more accurate in their judgments of what they knew. Students with a more malleable view of intelligence were also more accurate in their judgments of learning

Isolierung und Charakterisierung der hämatopoietischen Stammzellen aus dem Nabelschnurblut beim Rind (Bos taurus)

Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, die hämatopoietischen Zellen des bovinen Nabelschnurblutes und insbesondere die HSC(hämatopoietische Stammzellen)zu charakterisieren. Hierzu wurden Proben aus dem Nabelblut von bovinen Feten der SSL 3,4 cm bis 94 cm und von Kälbern unmittelbar nach der Geburt gewonnen und mit Ammoniumchlorid-Lysispuffer und Ficoll® aufgereinigt. Zur Charakterisierung der einzelnen Zellen wurden lichtmikroskopische, immunhistochemische, glykohistochemische und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen durchgeführt

Isolierung und Charakterisierung der hämatopoietischen Stammzellen aus dem Nabelschnurblut beim Rind (Bos taurus)

Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, die hämatopoietischen Zellen des bovinen Nabelschnurblutes und insbesondere die HSC(hämatopoietische Stammzellen)zu charakterisieren. Hierzu wurden Proben aus dem Nabelblut von bovinen Feten der SSL 3,4 cm bis 94 cm und von Kälbern unmittelbar nach der Geburt gewonnen und mit Ammoniumchlorid-Lysispuffer und Ficoll® aufgereinigt. Zur Charakterisierung der einzelnen Zellen wurden lichtmikroskopische, immunhistochemische, glykohistochemische und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen durchgeführt

Non-Perturbative Scales in Soft Hadronic Collisions at High Energies

We investigate the role of nonperturbative quark-gluon dynamics in soft high energy processes. In order to reproduce differential and total cross sections for elastic proton-proton and proton-antiproton-scattering at high energy and small momentum transfer it turns out that we need two scales, the gluonic correlation length and a confinement scale. We find a small gluonic correlation length, a = 0.2 fm, in accordance with recent lattice QCD results.Comment: 8 pages,latex, 2 figures uuencode

Zebrafish cerebrospinal fluid mediates cell survival through a retinoid signaling pathway

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) includes conserved factors whose function is largely unexplored. To assess the role of CSF during embryonic development, CSF was repeatedly drained from embryonic zebrafish brain ventricles soon after their inflation. Removal of CSF increased cell death in the diencephalon, indicating a survival function. Factors within the CSF are required for neuroepithelial cell survival as injected mouse CSF but not artificial CSF could prevent cell death after CSF depletion. Mass spectrometry analysis of the CSF identified retinol binding protein 4 (Rbp4), which transports retinol, the precursor to retinoic acid (RA). Consistent with a role for Rbp4 in cell survival, inhibition of Rbp4 or RA synthesis increased neuroepithelial cell death. Conversely, ventricle injection of exogenous human RBP4 plus retinol, or RA alone prevented cell death after CSF depletion. Zebrafish rbp4 is highly expressed in the yolk syncytial layer, suggesting Rbp4 protein and retinol/RA precursors can be transported into the CSF from the yolk. In accord with this suggestion, injection of human RBP4 protein into the yolk prevents neuroepithelial cell death in rbp4 loss-of-function embryos. Together, these data support the model that Rbp4 and RA precursors are present within the CSF and used for synthesis of RA, which promotes embryonic neuroepithelial survival

Nucleon Structure Functions at Moderate Q**2: Relativistic Constituent Quarks and Spectator Mass Spectrum

We present a model description of the nucleon valence structure function applicable over the entire region of the Bjorken variable x, and above moderate values of Q**2 (> 1 GeV**2). We stress the importance of describing the complete spectrum of intermediate states which are spectator to the deep-inelastic collision. At a scale of 1 GeV**2 the relevant degrees of freedom are constituent quarks and pions. The large-x region is then described in terms of scattering from constituent quarks in the nucleon, while the dressing of constituent quarks by pions plays an important role at intermediate x values. The correct small-x behavior, which is necessary for the proper normalization of the valence distributions, is guaranteed by modeling the asymptotic spectator mass spectrum according to Regge phenomenology.Comment: 44 pages RevTeX, 9 uuencoded figures, accepted for publication in Nucl. Phys.