Cross-Sector Review of Drivers and Available 3Rs Approaches for Acute Systemic Toxicity Testing

Acute systemic toxicity studies are carried out in many sectors in which synthetic chemicals are manufactured or used and are among the most criticized of all toxicology tests on both scientific and ethical grounds. A review of the drivers for acute toxicity testing within the pharmaceutical industry led to a paradigm shift whereby in vivo acute toxicity data are no longer routinely required in advance of human clinical trials. Based on this experience, the following review was undertaken to identify (1) regulatory and scientific drivers for acute toxicity testing in other industrial sectors, (2) activities aimed at replacing, reducing, or refining the use of animals, and (3) recommendations for future work in this area

Automated content analysis as a tool for research and practice: a case illustration from the Prairie Creek and Nico environmental assessments in the Northwest Territories, Canada

Public engagement is essential to the procedural and substantive sustainability of environmental assessment. Public hearings present the lowest barrier to entry for public participation, but these forums face competing political pressures for conducting appropriate public engagement within an expeditious process. Repositories of public hearing testimony provide a source of primary data for examining these public engagement issues during environmental assessments. However, the time and resources required may be prohibitive for conducting the kind of in-depth qualitative analyses that are commonly used. Automated content analysis (ACA) techniques can provide a rapid, replicable, inductive, and systematic way to examine public hearing transcripts, consisting of the critical development and application of computer programming scripts that synthesize evidence from extensive document sets. This case illustration demonstrates the potential utility of ACA, based on the examination of two public hearings, Prairie Creek (EA0809-002; 2008–2011) and Nico (EA0809-004; 2009–2013) conducted in the Mackenzie Valley, Northwest Territories, Canada. Our interpretation of the findings provides an evaluation of ACA methods and situates its potential to inform environmental assessment research and practice across jurisdictions