CCB RETENTION AND PENETRATION IN EUCALYPTUS FENCE POSTS IN FUNCTION OF CONDITION OF PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of the industrial preservative treatment with Chromated Copper Borate (CCB) in different concentrations and pressure time in the autoclave through retention and penetration in Eucalyptus wood. Nine Eucalyptus trees were felled, debarking and cut into fence posts with a length of 2.20 meters and diameters ranging from 9.2 to 15.4 cm. The Eucalyptus fence posts were submitted to the industrial autoclave (Bethel method) in nine conditions, according to the CCB concentration and the pressure times: 1.5%, 2.0%, and 2.5% and 30, 60 and 90 minutes. The retention and penetration tests were performed. The application of 1.5% CCB concentration and 30 minutes of pressure in the autoclave provided penetration and retention according to the levels required for the application of the wood as fence posts in contact with the soil, and is the conditions indicated for the treatment E. urograndis wood preservative with CCB

Programa de secagem para a madeira de seringueira (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.)

The rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) has been cultivated for tapping purposes and it is considered as wood supply in the end of the productive cycle of latex. Drying is one of the most important steps in the mechanical processing of wood. As far as rubberwood is concerned, kiln-drying is particularly an essential step due to its high susceptibility to decay and mold fungi attacks mainly when the wood moisture content is high. Thus, this study aimed to develop and evaluate a conventional drying schedule for four clones of Hevea brasiliensis (IAN-873, IAN-717, GT-711 and AVROS-1301) planted in Ituberá and Grapiúna counties in the Bahia state, Brazil. The conventional drying schedule applied, with minimum and maximum drying temperatures, respectively, of 50°C and 75°C in a Hildebrand test dryer kiln with a Gann automatic control, was efficient, producing a very fast drying (less than 4 days for clones IAN-873, IAN-717 and GT-711) and fast (4,5 days to clone AVROS-1301) with low drying defects development.A seringueira (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) tem sido cultivada para extração de látex e utilizada para produção de madeira ao fim do ciclo produtivo do látex. A secagem é uma etapa fundamental no processamento mecânico da madeira. No caso da madeira de seringueira, faz-se particularmente necessária a secagem artificial em estufa para a sua utilização, devido à alta susceptibilidade ao ataque de fungos emboloradores e apodrecedores quando úmida. Dessa maneira, este trabalho teve como objetivo elaborar e avaliar programa de secagem convencional para quatro clones de Hevea brasiliensis (IAN-873, IAN-717, GT-711 e AVROS-1301) plantados nos municípios de Ituberá e Grapiúna, no Estado da Bahia, Brasil. O programa de secagem convencional utilizado, com temperatura inicial de 50°C e final de 75°C, aplicado em uma estufa Hildebrand tipo “Test Dryer” com controle automático Gann, foi eficiente, produzindo uma secagem muito rápida (menos de 4 dias para os clones IAN-873, IAN-717 e GT-711) e rápida (4,5 dias para o clone AVROS-1301), observando-se uma baixa incidência de defeitos de secagem

Effect of ultraviolet radiation on the color of freijó wood (Cordia goeldiana Huber) after application of finishing products

A radiação ultravioleta é considerada a mais prejudicial ao uso da madeira afetando suas propriedades, sobretudo a sua cor superficial. A aplicação de produtos de acabamentos, como os vernizes, os stains, as tintas, podem minimizar a atuação dessa radiação. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da radiação ultravioleta, relativo ao envelhecimento artificial acelerado, na coloração da madeira de freijó (Cordia goeldiana Huber) tratadas com polisten e seladora (nitrocelulose), com monitoramento por meio de um espectrocolorimetrico. As amostras da madeira foram submetidas a ciclos de radiação ultravioleta em um reator fotoquímico, em tempos de 84 e 168 horas. Os parâmetros colorimétricos (L*, a*, b* C e h*) foram medidos antes a após os tratamentos. O tratamento com polisten foi o que ofereceu maior proteção às radiações ultravioletas, dando uma maior estabilidade aos parâmetros. O tratamento com seladora foi o que apresentou uma maior alteração da cor após a simulação de envelhecimento no reator fotoquímico. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTUltraviolet radiation is considered the most damaging radiation to wood, affecting its properties and especially its color. The application of finishing products such as varnishes, stains and inks can minimize the action of this radiation. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of ultraviolet radiation, through artificially accelerated aging, on the color of freijó wood (Cordia goeldiana Huber) treated with “polisten” and sealer (nitrocellulose), by means of spectrocolorimetric tracking. The samples of wood were subjected to cycles of ultraviolet radiation in a photochemical reactor for 84 and 168 hours. The colorimetric parameters (L*, a*, b*, C, h*) were measured before and after the treatments. The treatment with “polisten” offered greater protection against ultraviolet radiation, yielding greater stability to the parameters. The treatment with sealerled to a greater change in color after the simulation of aging in the photochemical reactor

Different locations but common associations in subcortical hypodensities of presumed vascular origin: cross-sectional study on clinical and neurosonologic correlates

BACKGROUND: Subcortical hypodensities of presumed vascular etiology (SHPVO) are a clinical, radiological and neuropathological syndrome with a still largely unexplained pathophysiology. Parallel to the clinical heterogeneity, there is also recognised cerebral topographical diversity with undetermined etiological implications. Our aim is to assess clinical and neurosonological predictors of SHPVO according to their location. METHODS: Cross sectional analysis of consecutive patients that underwent neurosonologic evaluation and head CT within one month, during a one year period. We excluded patients with absent temporal sonographic window, any pathology with a possible confounding effect on cerebral arterial pulsatility, atrial fibrillation and other etiologies of white matter diseases. The mean pulsatility index (PI) of both middle cerebral arteries was measured in the middle third of the M1 segment; intima media thickness was evaluated in the far wall of both common carotid arteries. SHPVO were rated by analysis of head CT in deep white matter (DWMH), periventricular white matter (PVWMH) and basal ganglia (BGH). We conducted a multivariate ordinal logistic regression model including all clinical, demographic and ultrasonographic characteristics to determine independent associations with SHPVO. RESULTS: We included 439 patients, mean age 63.47 (SD: 14.94) years, 294 (67.0%) male. The independent predictors of SHPVO were age (OR = 1.067, 95% CI: 1.047-1.088, p < 0.001 for DWMH; OR = 1.068, 95% CI: 1.049-1.088, p < 0.001 for PVWMH; OR = 1.05, 95% CI: 1.03-1.071, p < 0.001 for BGH), hypertension (OR = 1.909, 95% CI: 1.222-2.981, p = 0.004 for DWMH; OR = 1.907, 95% CI: 1.238-2.938, p = 0.003 for PVWMH; OR = 1.775, 95% CI: 1.109-2.843, p = 0.017 for BGH) and PI (OR = 17.994, 95% CI: 6.875-47.1, p < 0.001 for DWMH; OR = 5.739, 95%CI: 2.288-14.397, p < 0.001 for PVWMH; OR = 11.844, 95% CI: 4.486-31.268, p < 0.001 for BGH) for all locations of SHPVO. CONCLUSIONS: Age, hypertension and intracranial pulsatility are the main independent predictors of SHPVO across different topographic involvement and irrespective of extracranial atherosclerotic involvement

ÓLEOS ESSENCIAIS DE Blepharocalyx, Nectandra e Piper: ATIVIDADE SOBRE FUNGOS APODRECEDORES DE MADEIRA

This study aimed to use digital image processing to evaluate the antifungal activity of essential oils (EOs) from Blepharocalyx salicifolius (Myrtaceae), Nectandra grandiflora (Lauraceae), Nectandra megapotamica (Lauraceae) and Piper gaudichaudianum (Piperaceae) on wood decay fungi. A white-rot fungus, Trametes versicolor, and a brown-rot fungus, Gloeophyllum trabeum, were selected. The EOs were extracted by hydrodistillation and chemically characterized by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antifungal activity of the EOs was evaluated by the Petri plate diffusion test. The inhibition verification was calculated with the aid of digital image processing, using ImageJ software. The predominant compounds of the B. salicifolius and P. gaudichaudianum extractives were eucalyptol and dillapiol, respectively. For the species of Nectandra, bicyclogermacrene was the most representative constituent of the N. megapotamica EO, whereas dehydrofuquinone was the major constituent of the EOs from N. grandiflora leaves and fruits. The highest growth inhibition of T. versicolor was caused by N. megapotamica EO. The highest inhibition percentages of G. trabeum were provided by P. gaudichaudianum and B. salicifolius extractives. Digital image processing was an effective tool for the accurate analysis of fungal growth.A busca por produtos naturais que possam substituir preservantes da madeira sintéticos é crescente. Dentre estes produtos, estão os óleos essenciais (OEs). Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a atividade antifúngica dos OEs de Blepharocalyx salicifolius, Nectandra grandiflora, Nectandra megapotamica e Piper gaudichaudianum, sobre os fungos apodrecedores de madeira Trametes versicolor e Gloeophyllum trabeum. Os OEs foram extraídos por hidrodestilação e foram caracterizados quimicamente. A atividade antifúngica dos OEs foi avaliada pelo teste de difusão em placas de Petri. A verificação da inibição foi calculada com auxílio do software ImageJ®. Os componentes majoritários dos OEs de B. salicifolius e P. gaudichaudianum foram eucaliptol e dilapiol, respectivamente. Biciclogermacreno foi o constituinte majoritário do óleo essencial (OE) de folhas de N. megapotamica, enquanto que a deidrofuquinona foi majoritária nos OEs de folhas e frutos de N. grandiflora. A maior inibição do crescimento de T. versicolor foi causada pelo OE de N. megapotamica, com 31,4%. Os maiores percentuais de inibição observados sobre o crescimento de G. trabeum foram proporcionados pelos extrativos de P. gaudichaudianum e B. salicifolius, com 13,9 e 7,5%, respectivamente. Contudo, o resultado deste último não diferiu dos demais OEs avaliados. Os resultados indicaram que o extrativo de espécie de Nectandra que apresentou maior efeito sobre T. versicolor foi N. megapotamica. Entretanto, este gênero não foi tão eficiente contra G. trabeum. Palavras-chave: biciclogermacreno; deidrofuquinona; dilapiol; eucaliptol; Gloeophyllum trabeum; Trametes versicolor.   Blepharocalyx, Nectandra and Piper essential oils: activity on wood-decay fungi   ABSTRACT: The search for natural products that can replace synthetic wood preservatives is growing. Among these products are essential oils (EOs). Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of EOs from Blepharocalyx salicifolius , Nectandra grandiflora , Nectandra megapotamica  and Piper gaudichaudianum  on the wood-rotting fungi Trametes versicolor and Gloeophyllum trabeum. The EOs were extracted by hydrodistillation and chemically characterized. The antifungal activity of the EOs was evaluated by the Petri dish diffusion test. The inhibition verification was calculated using ImageJ® software. The major components of the EOs of B. salicifolius and P. gaudichaudianum were eucalyptol and dillapiol, respectively. Bicyclogermacrene was the major constituent of N. megapotamica leaves essential oil (EO), while dehydrofuquinone was the major constituent of the EOs from N. grandiflora leaves and fruits. The highest growth inhibition of T. versicolor was caused by N. megapotamica EO, with 31.4%. The highest inhibition percentages of G. trabeum growth were provided by P. gaudichaudianum and B. salicifolius extractives, with 13.9 and 7.5%, respectively. However, the result of the latter did not differ from the other EOs evaluated. The results indicated that, from the extractives of Nectandra species, the greatest effect on T. versicolor was detected to N. megapotamica EO. However, this genus was not so efficient against G. trabeum. Keywords: bicyclogermacrene; dehydrofuquinone; dillapiole; eucalyptol; Gloeophyllum trabeum; Trametes versicolor

Trabalho e desgaste de migrantes no corte manual de cana de açúcar no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil

The scope of this paper is to describe the work of manual sugarcane harvesters, assessing the nutritional behavior and body composition between the beginning and the end of the harvest. A descriptive longitudinal study was made of harvesters in Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil, who answered a socio-demographic questionnaire and authorized measurement of Body Mass Index, Body Fat Percentage and Arm Muscle Circumference at three stages. Creatine kinase on the skeletal isoform, C-reactive protein and plasma urea were measured at the end of the harvest. Thirty male migrant harvesters with ages ranging from 18 to 44 from the Northeast (Ceará) were assessed over a nine-month period. The workers suffered significant body fat and weight loss in the first half of the harvest. Eighteen workers had abnormal levels of creatine kinase and four - out of 24 who had donated blood - had altered urea levels. Sugarcane harvesting work causes weight and body fat loss and gains in the lean body mass index, which suffers wear-out when working on consecutive harvests. It can also cause changes in biochemical markers of chronic systemic inflammation. Further studies will make it possible to comprehend the relationships between stress, wear-out, labor longevity and health in sugarcane harvesting.Descrever o trabalho de cortadores manuais de cana de açúcar avaliando o comportamento nutricional e a composição corporal do início ao final da safra. Estudo descritivo longitudinal de cortadores na região de Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brasil, por meio de um questionário sociodemográfico e antropométrico que permitiu medir Índice de Massa Corporal, Percentual de Gordura Corporal e Circunferência Muscular do Braço em três momentos. Ao final da safra foi dosada a Creatina Quinase na isoforma esquelética, proteína C reativa e ureia plasmática. Durante nove meses, 30 homens safristas migrantes nordestinos (Ceará), com idade de 18 a 44 anos foram estudados. Os trabalhadores tiveram perda significativa de gordura corporal e peso na primeira metade da safra. A maioria ganhou massa magra e os mais velhos na atividade ganharam menos. Dezoito trabalhadores apresentaram valores alterados de Creatina Quinase e quatro tiveram uréia alterada dentre os 24 que cederam sangue. O trabalho no corte de cana gera perda de peso e gordura corporal e aumento de massa magra que se desgasta com a história de trabalho em safras sucessivas. Pode ainda causar alteração de marcadores bioquímicos de inflamação crônica sistêmica. Novos estudos permitirão entender a relação esforço, desgaste, longevidade laboral e saúde no corte de cana.Universidade Estadual de CampinasUniversidade Estadual do Centro Oeste Departamento de Educação FísicaUniversidade de São Paulo Departamento de Saúde AmbientalUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Departamento de Saúde, Clínica e InstituiçõesUNIFESP, Depto. de Saúde, Clínica e InstituiçõesSciEL

Trabalho e desgaste de migrantes no corte manual de cana de açúcar no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil

The scope of this paper is to describe the work of manual sugarcane harvesters, assessing the nutritional behavior and body composition between the beginning and the end of the harvest. A descriptive longitudinal study was made of harvesters in Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil, who answered a socio-demographic questionnaire and authorized measurement of Body Mass Index, Body Fat Percentage and Arm Muscle Circumference at three stages. Creatine kinase on the skeletal isoform, C-reactive protein and plasma urea were measured at the end of the harvest. Thirty male migrant harvesters with ages ranging from 18 to 44 from the Northeast (Ceará) were assessed over a nine-month period. The workers suffered significant body fat and weight loss in the first half of the harvest. Eighteen workers had abnormal levels of creatine kinase and four - out of 24 who had donated blood - had altered urea levels. Sugarcane harvesting work causes weight and body fat loss and gains in the lean body mass index, which suffers wear-out when working on consecutive harvests. It can also cause changes in biochemical markers of chronic systemic inflammation. Further studies will make it possible to comprehend the relationships between stress, wear-out, labor longevity and health in sugarcane harvesting.Descrever o trabalho de cortadores manuais de cana de açúcar avaliando o comportamento nutricional e a composição corporal do início ao final da safra. Estudo descritivo longitudinal de cortadores na região de Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brasil, por meio de um questionário sociodemográfico e antropométrico que permitiu medir Índice de Massa Corporal, Percentual de Gordura Corporal e Circunferência Muscular do Braço em três momentos. Ao final da safra foi dosada a Creatina Quinase na isoforma esquelética, proteína C reativa e ureia plasmática. Durante nove meses, 30 homens safristas migrantes nordestinos (Ceará), com idade de 18 a 44 anos foram estudados. Os trabalhadores tiveram perda significativa de gordura corporal e peso na primeira metade da safra. A maioria ganhou massa magra e os mais velhos na atividade ganharam menos. Dezoito trabalhadores apresentaram valores alterados de Creatina Quinase e quatro tiveram uréia alterada dentre os 24 que cederam sangue. O trabalho no corte de cana gera perda de peso e gordura corporal e aumento de massa magra que se desgasta com a história de trabalho em safras sucessivas. Pode ainda causar alteração de marcadores bioquímicos de inflamação crônica sistêmica. Novos estudos permitirão entender a relação esforço, desgaste, longevidade laboral e saúde no corte de cana.2831284

Effect of ultraviolet radiation on the color of freij\uf3 wood ( Cordia goeldiana Huber) after application of finishing products

A radia\ue7\ue3o ultravioleta \ue9 considerada a mais prejudicial ao uso da madeira afetando suas propriedades, sobretudo a sua cor superficial. A aplica\ue7\ue3o de produtos de acabamentos, como os vernizes, os stains, as tintas, podem minimizar a atua\ue7\ue3o dessa radia\ue7\ue3o. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da radia\ue7\ue3o ultravioleta, relativo ao envelhecimento artificial acelerado, na colora\ue7\ue3o da madeira de freij\uf3 ( Cordia goeldiana Huber) tratadas com polisten e seladora (nitrocelulose), com monitoramento por meio de um espectrocolorimetrico. As amostras da madeira foram submetidas a ciclos de radia\ue7\ue3o ultravioleta em um reator fotoqu\uedmico, em tempos de 84 e 168 horas. Os par\ue2metros colorim\ue9tricos (L*, a*, b* C e h*) foram medidos antes a ap\uf3s os tratamentos. O tratamento com polisten foi o que ofereceu maior prote\ue7\ue3o \ue0s radia\ue7\uf5es ultravioletas, dando uma maior estabilidade aos par\ue2metros. O tratamento com seladora foi o que apresentou uma maior altera\ue7\ue3o da cor ap\uf3s a simula\ue7\ue3o de envelhecimento no reator fotoqu\uedmico.Ultraviolet radiation is considered the most damaging radiation to wood, affecting its properties and especially its color. The application of finishing products such as varnishes, stains and inks can minimize the action of this radiation. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of ultraviolet radiation, through artificially accelerated aging, on the color of freij\uf3 wood ( Cordia goeldiana Huber) treated with \u201cpolisten\u201d and sealer (nitrocellulose), by means of spectrocolorimetric tracking. The samples of wood were subjected to cycles of ultraviolet radiation in a photochemical reactor for 84 and 168 hours. The colorimetric parameters (L*, a*, b*, C, h*) were measured before and after the treatments. The treatment with \u201cpolisten\u201d offered greater protection against ultraviolet radiation, yielding greater stability to the parameters. The treatment with sealer led to a greater change in color after the simulation of aging in the photochemical reactor