Policies and Motivations for the CO2 Valorization through the Sabatier Reaction Using Structured Catalysts. A Review of the Most Recent Advances

The current scenario where the effects of global warming are more and more evident, has motivated different initiatives for facing this, such as the creation of global policies with a clear environmental guideline. Within these policies, the control of Greenhouse Gase (GHG) emissions has been defined as mandatory, but for carrying out this, a smart strategy is proposed. This is the application of a circular economy model, which seeks to minimize the generation of waste and maximize the efficient use of resources. From this point of view, CO2 recycling is an alternative to reduce emissions to the atmosphere, and we need to look for new business models which valorization this compound which now must be considered as a renewable carbon source. This has renewed the interest in known processes for the chemical transformation of CO2 but that have not been applied at industrial level because they do not offer evident profitability. For example, the methane produced in the Sabatier reaction has a great potential for application, but this depends on the existence of a sustainable supply of hydrogen and a greater efficiency during the process that allows maximizing energy efficiency and thermal control to maximize the methane yield. Regarding energy efficiency and thermal control of the process, the use of structured reactors is an appropriate strategy. The evolution of new technologies, such as 3D printing, and the consolidation of knowledge in the structing of catalysts has enabled the use of these reactors to develop a wide range of possibilities in the field. In this sense, the present review presents a brief description of the main policies that have motivated the transition to a circular economy model and within this, to CO2 recycling. This allows understanding, why efforts are being focused on the development of different reactions for CO2 valorization. Special attention to the case of the Sabatier reaction and in the application of structured reactors for such process is paid

Nonholonomic brackets: Eden revisited

The nonholonomic dynamics can be described by the so-called nonholonomic bracket in the constrained submanifold, which is a non-integrable modification of the Poisson bracket of the ambient space, in this case, of the canonical bracket in the cotangent bundle of the configuration manifold. This bracket was defined by Cantrijn et al. and Ibort et al., although there was already some particular and less direct definition. On the other hand, another bracket, also called noholonomic, was defined using the description of the problem in terms of almost Lie algebroids. Recently, reviewing two older papers by R. J. Eden, we have defined a new bracket which we call Eden bracket. In the present paper, we prove that these three brackets coincide. Moreover, the description of the nonholonomic bracket \`a la Eden has allowed us to make important advances in the study of Hamilton-Jacobi theory and the quantization of nonholonomic systems.Comment: 8 pages, preprint submitted to a conferenc

Estudio de factibilidad para la creación del centro diagnóstico especializado en microbiología en el cantón Saquisilí, que ofertará sus servicios a los cantones Latacunga y Pujilí de la provincia de Cotopaxi.

En la actualidad hay poblaciones que no pueden acceder a pruebas diagnósticas porque no tienen acceso a servicios de diagnóstico médico, otras son diagnosticadas de forma inadecuada, como resultado, no reciben el tratamiento oportuno ni adecuado que necesitan, al no existir un laboratorio especializado en Microbiología en el Cantón Saquisilí que brinde servicios a los Cantones Latacunga, Pujilí se genera la necesidad de derivación de las muestras para ser procesadas a Quito o Ambato. El presente proyecto tiene como objetivo estudiar la factibilidad para la creación de un Centro diagnóstico especializado en Microbiología en el cantón Saquisilí para brindar los servicios en los cantones de Latacunga, Pujilí y Saquisilí de la provincia de Cotopaxi; Metodología se realizó investigación en campo con encuestas dirigidas a los prescriptores de exámenes de laboratorio (Microbiología) como Médicos generales y especialistas, Obstetras, Odontólogos de la provincia de Cotopaxi de los cantones Latacunga, Pujilí y Saquisilí; Resultados el 92,28 % de los encuestados consideran que un laboratorio Clínico especializado a sus servicios mejoraría su satisfacción y la salud de sus pacientes, más del 50% de los encuestados refiere que la calidad es el criterio más importante para recomendar un laboratorio, seguido del 21% del tiempo de entrega y el 18% por el precio, el estudio financiero determina una rentabilidad a partir de los 3 años, 4 meses y 22 días; Conclusiones, es factible la implementación, demostrada en los estudios financieros, técnicos, ambientales y legales; Recomendaciones para garantizar la sostenibilidad del proyecto es importante conocer y estar al tanto de las variables económicas que se pueda generar debido a que nos encontramos en un año con transición política por el cambio de gobierno y efectos de la pandemia por la COVID-19.Nowadays there are populations that cannot access diagnostic tests because they don’t have access to medical diagnostic services, others are improperly diagnosed, as a result, they don’t receive the timely or appropriate treatment they need, since there isn’t laboratory specialized in Microbiology in Saquisilí canton that provides services to Latacunga cantons, Pujilí generates the need for the derivation of samples to be processed to Quito or Ambato. The aim of this project is to study the feasibility of establishing a diagnostic centre specializing in microbiology in Saquisilí canton to provide services in Latacunga, Pujilí and Saquisilí cantons in Cotopaxi province; Methodology was carried out in field with surveys aimed at the prescribers of laboratory examinations (Microbiology) such as General Doctors and Specialists, Obstetricians, Dentists of Cotopaxi province of Latacunga, Pujilí and Saquisilí cantons; Results 92.28% of the respondents consider that a specialized Clinical laboratory to their services would improve their satisfaction and the health of their patients, more than 50% of the respondents said that quality is the most important criterion to recommend a laboratory, followed by 21% of the delivery time and 18% for the price, the financial study determines a profitability from 3 years, 4 months and 22 days; Conclusions, implementation is feasible, demonstrated in financial, technical, environmental and legal studies; Recommendations to guarantee the sustainability of the project is important to know and be aware of the economic variables that may be generated because we are in a year with political transition due to the change of government and the effects of the pandemic by COVID-19

Diagnosing external ventricular drain-related ventriculitis by means of local inflammatory response: soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1.

INTRODUCTION: External ventricular drainage (EVD)-related ventriculitis is one of the most severe complications associated with the use of EVDs. Establishing an early and certain diagnosis can be difficult in critically ill patients. We performed this prospective study to evaluate the usefulness of soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (sTREM-1) determination in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the diagnosis of ventriculitis. METHODS: A prospective observational study was conducted of 73 consecutive patients with EVD. Samples of CSF for culture, cytobiochemical analysis and sTREM-1 determination were extracted three times a week. Ventriculitis diagnosis required a combination of microbiological, cytobiochemical and clinical criteria. RESULTS: Seventy-three consecutive patients were included. EVD-related ventriculitis was diagnosed in six patients and EVD-colonization in ten patients. Patients without clinical or microbiological findings were considered controls. The median CSF sTREM-1 was 4,320 pg/ml (interquartile range (IQR): 2,987 to 4,886) versus 266 pg/ml (118 to 689); P <0.001. There were no differences when comparing colonized-patients and controls. The best cut-off sTREM-1 value for the diagnosis of ventriculitis was 2,388.79 pg/ml (sensitivity 100%, specificity 98.5%, positive predictive value 85.71%, negative predictive value 100%). CSF proteins, glucose and the ratio CSF/serum glucose were also significantly different (P = 0.001). Serum biomarkers were not useful to diagnose EVD-related infection. These results were confirmed by a case-control study with ventriculitis patients (cases) and non-ventriculitis (control subjects) matched by age, comorbidities, severity scales and EVD duration (P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: CSF sTREM-1 was useful in the diagnosis of ventriculitis, in a similar measure to classical CSF parameters. Furthermore, CSF sTREM-1 could prove the diagnosis in uncertain cases and discriminate between EVD-colonization and infectio

Estudio cardiológico de las líneas celulares BHK -21, 135 el-7 y PK -15 empleadas en vacunas de uso veterinario

La gran importancia que tienen los cultivos celulares, radica principalmente en que en ellos es posible efectuar aislamiento primario de virus, investigación bioquímica básica y producción de vacunas entre otras (Fenner y White, 1981). Actualmente un g

Evaluación de la carga y fatiga mental en docentes por teletrabajo a causa del COVID-19

Introduction: A mental load study was carried out on 103 teachers from different universities in central Ecuador using the NASA-Task Load Index (LTX) method, in the study the mental, physical, time, effort, performance and the frustration level were quantified to different age groups, to detect the psychosocial risk factor and incidence in normal fatigue and chronic fatigue. Methods: A sample of 103 university teachers divided into 9 age segments and from different educational institutions in the central area of ​​Ecuador that carry out teaching-learning activities in telework mode was used. First, a survey was applied according to the NASA-Task Load Index (LTX) method, to quantify the 6 factors or dimensions considered by the method. Then a health questionnaire related to simple and chronic mental load was applied. This research was carried out in two phases, the first for weighting and the second for scoring. Results: The application of the NASA LTX method managed to detect that the greatest affectation by mental load is in the age group of: 55 59 years with a score of 1250, then those from 40 to 44 years with a value of 1020 and those from 50 to 54 years with a value of 1010, then follow the other groups with values ​​less than 100. The mental fatigue value determines values ​​of 100% of affectation to the group of 35 to 39 years of age and 50 to 54 years an 87.5% of affectation to the group of 40 to 44 years of age, the other groups present values ​​less than 75 % of affectation by discomfort of mental fatigue. All groups present simple and chronic fatigue complaints. Conclution: The results identify as the group most affected by load and mental fatigue, teachers who are over 39 years of age due to telework activities. On the other hand, the affectation of simple and chronic mental fatigue is proportional and significantly affects all groupsIntroducción: Se realizó un estudio de carga mental a 103 docentes de distintas universidades del centro del Ecuador utilizando para esto el método NASA-Task Load Index (LTX), en el estudio se cuantificó la exigencia mental, física, temporal, esfuerzo, rendimiento y el nivel de frustración a diferentes grupos de edades, para detectar el factor de riesgo psicosocial y incidencia en la&nbsp; fatiga normal y fatiga crónica. Métodos: Se utilizó una muestra de 103 docentes universitarios divididos en 9 segmentos de edades y de distintas instituciones educativas de la zona centro del Ecuador que ejecutan actividades de enseñanza aprendizaje en modalidad de teletrabajo. Primero&nbsp; se les aplicó una encuesta según el método NASA-Task Load Index (LTX) para cuantificar los 6 factores o dimensiones que considera el método. Luego se aplicó un cuestionario de salud relacionado a la carga mental simple y crónica. Esta investigación se efectuó en dos fases, la primera de ponderación y la segunda de puntuación. Resultados: La aplicación del método NASA LTX logró detectar que la mayor afectación por carga&nbsp; mental está en el grupo de edad de: 55&nbsp; 59 años con un puntaje de 1250, luego los de 40 a 44 años con un valor de 1020 y los de 50 a 54 años con un valor de 1010, luego siguen los demás grupos con valores menores de 100. El valor de fatiga mental determina valores del100% de afectación al grupo de 35 a 39 años de edad y 50 a 54 años un 87,5 % de afectación al grupo de 40 a 44 años de edad, los demás grupos presentan valores menos del 75% de afectación por molestias de fatiga mental. Todos los grupos presentan molestias de fatiga simple y crónica. Conclusión: Los resultados identifican como grupo más afectado por carga y fatiga &nbsp;mental a docentes que superan los 39 años de edad por actividades de teletrabajo. Por otro lado la afectación &nbsp;por fatiga mental simple y crónica es proporcional y afecta significativamente a todos los grupo

Rabbit role in prehistoric human diet: a review from the Iberian Mediterranean central region

Los restos de conejo (Oryctolagus cuniculus) son muy abundantes en los conjuntos de fauna de los yacimientos arqueológicos del Pleistoceno y Holoceno inicial del Mediterráneo ibérico. En este sentido se presenta una revisión de los datos disponibles sobre el consumo humano de este lagomorfo desde el Paleolítico medio hasta el Mesolítico en la zona central del Mediterráneo ibérico. Se hace un repaso a los conjuntos de conejo y a los estudios tafonómicos desarrollados para definir su importancia en las dietas humanas. Aunque existen datos del consumo de estas presas desde el Paleolítico medio en este ámbito geográfico, es durante el Paleolítico superior y Epipaleolítico cuando este recurso es incorporado a las dietas humanas de forma destacada. El consumo intenso de estos recursos por parte de los humanos anatómicamente modernos se relaciona con un modelo de gestión del territorio de menor movilidad que el practicado por los neandertale

Influencia del biol en el rendimiento del cultivo de Lactuca sativa L variedad Iceberg

The objective of the research was to assess the influence of biol enriched with efficient micro-organisms, in the ecological cultivation of Lactuca sativa L (lettuce) variety "Iceberg". The field test was carried out on the farm of Querochaca,Faculty of Sciences Agriculture, of the Technical University of Ambato. The studied factors were doses of biol (2%, 4%and 6%) and frequencies of application (8 and 15 days), I know used the experimental design of complete blocks atrandom, with factorial arrangement of 3x2 1 with three repetitions. We evaluated: plant height, diameter of the mainstem, days to harvest, weight and diameter of the bud commercial, performance in kg/plot neta and performance inkg/experimental unit, conducted the significance test of Duncan to 5%. The results showed that the dose of 6 per centapplied every 15 days treatment D3F2, contributed to the larger diameter of the bud commercial (25.9 cm); the greaterweight of cogollo commercial (1.14 kg) and the higher performance (549 kg/experimental unit). This suggests that theimplementation of biol can be an important ecological alternative to fertilize organic farming as the lettuce by reducingthe use of fertilizers in chemical synthesis and production costs.El objetivo de la investigación fue evaluar la influencia del biol enriquecido con microorganismos eficientes, en el cultivo ecológico de Lactuca sativa L (lechuga) variedad “Iceberg”. El ensayo de campo se realizó en la Granja de Querochaca, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, de la Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Los factores estudiados fueron dosis debiol (2%, 4% y 6%) y frecuencias de aplicación (8 y 15 días), sé utilizó el diseño experimental de bloques completos alazar, con arreglo factorial de 3x2+1 con tres repeticiones. Se evaluaron: altura de la planta, diámetro del tallo principal,días a la cosecha, peso y diámetro del cogollo comercial, rendimiento en kg/parcela neta y rendimiento en kg/unidadexperimental; se realizó la prueba de significación de Duncan al 5%. Los resultados mostraron que la dosis del 6%aplicado cada 15 días tratamiento D3F2, contribuyó al mayor diámetro del cogollo comercial (25.9 cm), al mayor pesodel cogollo comercial (1.14 kg) y al mayor rendimiento (549 kg/unidad experimental). Ello sugiere que la aplicación debiol puede ser una importante alternativa ecológica para fertilizar cultivos ecológicos como la lechuga reduciendo el usode fertilizantes de síntesis química y los costos de producción

Profile of dental students about biosafety

A formação do profissional da Odontologia requer preparo e esclarecimento quanto ao uso das medidas universais de biossegurança em virtude da exposição a agentes infectocontagiosos. Este estudo descritivo teve como objetivo avaliar o nível de conhecimento de uma população de acadêmicos de Odontologia a respeito de biossegurança, além de identificar as dúvidas mais frequentes sobre medidas preventivas no ambiente odontológico e avaliar o interesse desses acadêmicos em relação ao tema biossegurança. A amostra foi constituída por 358 alunos de três universidades. Foi aplicado um questionário contendo perguntas objetivas e subjetivas em alunos dos 1º, 5º e últimos períodos. Observou-se que 92.6% dos alunos conheciam o significado de biossegurança e 92.3% relatou o uso de EPI pelo seu CD e para o paciente. Frente a um atendimento na clínica, 291 (82.7%) alunos responderam que saberiam se cuidar e 59 (16.8%) que não, sendo 94.9% destes últimos, alunos do primeiro período. Entre os alunos do primeiro período, 38.4% responderam não ser importante considerar o paciente como potencial portador de doença. Conclui-se que, é importante ministrar conteúdos básicos sobre biossegurança nos períodos pré-clínicos, visando a entrada dos alunos às atividades clínicas com maior segurança. Ressalta-se ainda a importância da fiscalização e atualização periódicas de práticas, e conhecimentos das medidas preventivas adequadas que permitam o exercício de atividades acadêmicas em segurança em todos os períodos do curso.Aim: The professional formation in Dentistry requires preparation and knowledge regarding the use of universal biosafety measures against exposure to infectious agents. This descriptive study aimed to evaluate the level of knowledge of dentistry students about biosafety, and identify the most frequent doubt about preventive measures in dental care environment, also assess the student’s interest by biosafety. Material and methods: The sample consisted of 358 students from three universities. A questionnaire with subjective and objective questions was applied to students at 1st, 5th and last periods. Results: It was observed that 92.6% of students knew the meaning of biosafety and 92.3% reported the use of PPE for their dentist and for the patient. When asked if they would know to take care in clinical environment, 291 (82.7%) students answered that they would know how to care and 59 (16.8%) not, 94.9% of the latter were students of the first period, in this group, 38.4% of students responded not be important to consider the patient as a potential transmitter of disease. In the total sample, 98.6% considered to be important the topic of the research. Conclusions: It was concluded that it is important introduce basic content on biosafety in the pre-clinical periods, aiming at the entry of students to the clinical activities more safely. It is emphasized the importance of supervision and periodic update of practices and knowledge about preventive measures facilitating the exercise of academic activities in safety at all course periods

Efecto biofertilizante de azolla - anabaena en el cultivo de maíz (Zea mays L.)

The deterioration of natural resources in agricultural activities, has motivated the search for new alternatives to enrich thesoil with macro and micro nutrients sustainably, for the benefit of future generations, just as you think about the conser- vation and maintenance of water, avoiding eutrophication problems by the accumulation of fertilizers (nitrates andnitrites) leached and deposited in natural sources, for this purpose they have been measured several agro ecologicaloptions that provide proper nutrition and a delicate ecological balance; in this investigation at field level in maize cultivation and different states it applied dose of azolla as a natural source of nitrogen to enrich the soil in the canton Cevallos, Tungurahua province. Anabaena floors of the town, based on the state of azolla and the level established for such preparation, the states of azolla. Six mixtures were prepared substrates azolla studied were: Dry A1 and A2 in the fresh state;the doses were established in relation to the volume of azolla against soil volume used: (0.5: 1) (0.75: 1) and (1: 1). Thedata collected were plant height and percentage of nitrogen in dry matter at 15, 30, 60 and 90 days. All this in order toestablish the amount of nitrogen contributed by azolla as biofertilizer in growing corn. The best results were presented at&nbsp;&nbsp;the A1D3 (azolla dry-Dose 1: 1) treatment given plant height 15.02 cm at 15 days, 35.88 cm 30 days, 53.22 cm 60 66.12days and 90 days; to 0.54% nitrogen percentage at 15 days, 0.90% at 30 days, 1.68% at 60 days and 2.08% after 90 days.In conclusion, the use of Azolla as a bio-fertilizer rich in nitrogen is feasible, as has been demonstrated in this researchthat the corn plant benefits from the contribution of this material, improving sustainable agricultural practices. It isrecommended to expand this research in the same crop or other commercially important crops until the end of its production cycle, to report the results of these.El deterioro de los recursos naturales en las actividades agrícolas, ha motivado la búsqueda de nuevas alternativas quepermitan enriquecer el suelo con macro y micro nutrientes de manera sostenible, para beneficio de las futuras generaciones, igualmente se piensa en la conservación y mantenimiento del agua, evitando problemas de eutrofización por laacumulación de fertilizantes (nitratos y nitritos) lixiviados y desembocados en fuentes naturales, con este propósito sehan medido varias opciones agroecológicas que brindan una nutrición adecuada y un delicado equilibrio ecológico, en lapresente investigación a nivel de campo en el cultivo de maíz se aplicó diferentes estados y dosis de azolla como fuentenatural de nitrógeno para enriquecer el suelo en el cantón Cevallos, provincia de Tungurahua. Se prepararon seis mezclasde sustratos de azolla con suelo de la localidad, basados en el estado de azolla y la dosis establecida para dicha elaboración, los estados de azolla estudiados fueron: A1 en estado seco y, A2 en estado fresco; las dosis se establecieron enrelación al volumen de Azolla frente al volumen de suelo utilizado: (0.5:1), (0.75:1) y (1:1). Los datos recopilados fueronaltura de planta y porcentaje de nitrógeno en materia seca a los 15, 30, 60 y 90 días. Todo esto con la finalidad de establecer la cantidad de nitrógeno aportado por azolla como biofertilizante en el cultivo de maíz. Los mejores resultados sepresentaron en el tratamiento A1D3 (azolla en estado seco-Dosis 1:1) teniendo en altura de planta 15.02 cm a los 15 días,35.88 cm a los 30 días, 53.22 cm a los 60 días y 66.12 a los 90 días; para porcentaje de nitrógeno 0.54 % a los 15 días,0.90 % a los 30 días, 1.68 % a los 60 días y 2.08 % a los 90 días. En conclusión, el uso de la azolla como un biofertilizante rico en nitrógeno es factible, ya que se ha podido demostrar en esta investigación que la planta de maíz se beneficiadel aporte de este material, mejorando las prácticas agrícolas sostenibles. Se recomienda ampliar esta investigación eneste mismo cultivo o en otros cultivos de importancia comercial hasta terminar su ciclo productivo, para reportar losresultados obtenidos en estos