Acute High Intensity Anaerobic Training and Rhabdomyolysis Risk

International Journal of Exercise Science 8(1) : 65-74, 2015. The current popularity of high intensity anaerobic training has caused concerns over the safety and prevalence of conditions such as rhabdomyolysis; thus it is important to understand the possible risks of participating in this type of activity. The purpose of this study was to determine the magnitude of muscle damage associated with a single high intensity anaerobic training session, and the relationship of this response to markers of fitness. Fifteen recreationally trained male participants (age 22.9 ± 4.3 y, mass 87.3 ± 15.6 kg, body fat 16.8 ± 6.4%, VO2 peak 50.1 ± 7.2 ml · kg-1 · min-1 ) completed a single anaerobic training session consisting of high intensity plyometrics and calisthenics. Prior to the exercise session, participants completed a maximal aerobic capacity test, body composition analysis, and a military physical fitness test (1 min push-ups, 54 ± 14; 1 min sit-ups, 45 ± 11; 1.5 mile run, 12:17 ± 0.067 min). Serum creatine kinase (CK) was measured prior to and 48 h following the exercise session. CK at 48 h (126.3 ± 68.9 U· L-1) did not reach the limits indicating rhabdomyolysis (~881-1479 U/L) but was elevated above resting (CK resting 90.5 ± 53.4). VO2 peak (L · m-1) had a positive correlation with CK levels (r = .51; p \u3c 0.05) but body mass or any other indicator of fitness did not correlate. An increase in serum CK levels occurred, but did not reach levels of rhabdomyolysis, suggesting that a single high intensity exercise session is safe for healthy individuals who exercise regularly

Neurolinguistic measures of typological effects in multilingual transfer: introducing an ERP methodology

This article has two main objectives. First, we offer an introduction to the subfield of generative third language (L3) acquisition. Concerned primarily with modeling initial stages transfer of morphosyntax, one goal of this program is to show how initial stages L3 data make significant contributions toward a better understanding of how the mind represents language and how (cognitive) economy constrains acquisition processes more generally. Our second objective is to argue for and demonstrate how this subfield will benefit from a neuro/psycholinguistic methodological approach, such as event-related potential experiments, to complement the claims currently made on the basis of exclusively behavioral experiments

High Intensity Anaerobic Training

Due to the current popularity of high intensity anaerobic training it is important to understand the possible risks. Rhabdomyolysis is a potentially life threatening syndrome that can result from over exertion. Creatine Kinase is commonly used as a marker of exercise induced muscle damage. The purpose of this study was to determine the magnitude of muscle damage associated with a single high intensity anaerobic training session, and the relationship of this response to initial fitness capacity. Sixteen recreationally trained male participants completed a single high intensity anaerobic training session. Prior to participating in the exercise program the athletes completed an aerobic capacity test, body composition analysis, and a military physical fitness test (1 min push-ups, 1 min sit-ups, 1.5 mile run). The high intensity training in this study used a 1:1 work to rest ratio involving plyometrics and calisthenics. Prior to the session the participants were subject to a 5ml blood draw using venipuncture technique from an anticubital vein. After 48 hours the participants returned for a follow up 5 ml blood draw. Serum from the blood was stored at -80°C until later analysis. CK was assayed using a photometrically based commercially available kit. Despite the high intensity level, it is not anticipated that the CK will reach the upper limits indicating rhabdomyolysis (881-1479 U/L) but will be elevated above resting. Additionally, it is anticipated that there will be an inverse relationship between muscle damage and fitness