Fiscal policy challenges in oil-exporting countries – a review of key issues.

Fiscal policy choices have a particularly significant impact on economic performance in oil-exporting countries, owing to the importance of the oil sector in the economy and the fact that in most countries oil revenues accrue to the government. At the same time, fiscal policy in oil-centred economies s facing specific challenges, both in the long run, as regards intergenerational equity and fiscal sustainability, and in the short run, as regards macroeconomic stabilisation and fiscal planning. Institutional responses to the specific fiscal challenges in oil-exporting countries involve conservative oil price assumptions in the budget, the establishment of oil stabilisation and savings funds and fiscal rules. Fiscal policy in most oil-exporting countries has been expansionary over the past years in the wake of high oil prices. Fiscal expansion has added to inflationary pressure, and monetary policy has been constrained in tackling inflation as a result of prevailing exchange rate regimes. While, in this context, fiscal policy is the major tool for macroeconomic stabilisation, it has faced competing objectives and considerations. Cyclical considerations would have warranted fiscal restraint, but, in times of high oil prices, pressures to increase public spending have been mounting. Such pressures stem from primarily distribution-related considerations, development-related spending needs (e.g. in the areas of physical and social infrastructure) and international considerations in the context of, for example, global imbalances. The sharp fall in oil prices since mid-2008 has brought to the fore a different question – whether oil exporters can sustain spending levels reached in previous years. JEL Classification: E62, E63, H30, H60, Q32, Q38.Fiscal policy, oil-exporting countries, inflation, global imbalances.

Economic growth and budgetary components: a panel assessment for the EU

In this paper we test whether a reallocation of government budget items can enhance long-term GDP growth in a set of European countries. We apply modern panel data techniques to the period 1970-2006, and we use three alternative dependent variables in a growth regression: economic growth, total factor productivity and labour productivity. Our results are able to identify also the distortions induced by public expenditure in the private factors allocation. In particular, we detect a strong crowding-in effect associated to public investment, which have enhanced economic growth by boosting private investment. We also associate a significant dependence of productivity on public expenditure on education as well as the role of social security and health issues in growth and the labour market

Tax autonomy mitigates soft budget constraint: evidence from Spanish Regions

Within the framework of the soft budget constraint problem, this article investigates the impact of a legislative reform that increased regional tax autonomy on the propensity of Spanish regional governments to incur a deficit. For this purpose, a dynamic panel data model is estimated, using data for the period 1984–2019. The sample shows a breakpoint in 2002, when the reform of the regional financing system came into force, providing Spanish regions with greater tax autonomy, more fiscal competency, and lower intergovernmental transfers. Results show that the budget constraint has hardened, as regions have fewer incentives to accumulate budgetary deficits with the expectation of future compensations from the central government. A comprehensive review of the evolution of other factors previously identified as determinants of soft budget constraints, and the analysis of two regions not included in this financing system, suggest no other possible explanation for these results.This work has benefited from research funding from the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities of Spain (Grant numbers ECO2014–52,999-R, RTI2018–097,434-B-I00, PGC2018–094,364- B-100 and RTI2018–093,543-B-100, MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE); from the Government of Catalonia through the grant “Beca per a la realitzaci´o de treballs individuals” awarded by the Institut d’Estudis Autonòmics; and from Junta de Andalucía through grant B-SEJ-544-UGR20 from the Programa Operativo FEDER de Andalucía 2014–2020. Funding for open access charge: Universidad de Málaga / CBUA

Virología, epidemiología y mecanismos de transmisión del VHB

Illness due to the hepatitis B virus is an enormous problem for international public health, affecting over 300 million persons throughout the world, although its prevalence varies considerably between different geographic areas. The universal vaccination of the newly born, promulgated by the World Health Organisation, has made it possible to partially control the spread of the virus in many countries, including Spain. However, the vaccine does not generate protective antibodies in approximately 5% of the population. Besides, infection by the hepatitis B virus can produce few symptoms and the virus is easily transmitted, making its epidemiological control difficult. On the other hand, the growing flow of bi-directional migration of persons between geographical areas with a moderate or high prevalence and Spain also seems to be contributing to the persistence of the disease in our milieu. All of this makes it compulsory to deploy an ensemble of preventive measures based on an increasingly deep understanding of the biological cycle of the virus. In Spain, as in other regions with a low prevalence, the hepatitis B virus infection is considered chiefly to be a disease of sexual transmission, or else contagion takes place between patients who are users of intravenous drugs. On the other hand, blood transmission is of scarce importance in our milieu. Following exposure to the hepatitis B virus, prophylaxis with immunoglobins and also the administration of the vaccine is highly effective, and acquires special interest for all healthcare workers

Gestión por procesos y calidad de servicio en el Hospital de apoyo Pomabamba, 2022

La investigación tuvo como objetivo, determinar la relación de la gestión por procesos con la calidad de servicio en el Hospital de Apoyo Pomabamba, 2022. El estudio se ha realizado a partir de teorías sobre el problema a investigar y sus variables, direccionada a conocer la relación de estas, la investigación fue de diseño no experimental, transversal, correlacional y además con un enfoque cuantitativo, conllevando a analizar, describir y correlacionar la evidente problemática sobre la gestión por procesos y calidad de servicio. Se ha tenido una muestra de 363 usuarios afiliados al nosocomio, el muestreo utilizado fue probabilístico, para la recolección de datos se utilizaron dos cuestionarios para estudiar ambas variables que fue validado con el juicio de expertos. Como resultado se obtuvo que el 59,5 % expresaron nivel “regular” de la gestión por procesos y el 78,2% también un nivel “regular” de la calidad de servicio en el Hospital de Apoyo Pomabamba. Concluyendo que existe relación significativa entre gestión por procesos y calidad de servicio (p < 0.01), en grado positiva media (r = 0,382) esto refleja que, a una mejor gestión por procesos en el nosocomio, su calidad de servicio aumenta medianamente

TEM study of defects versus growth orientations in heavily boron-doped diamond

International audienceHeavy boron-doping layer in diamond can be responsible for the generation of extended defects during the growth processes (Blank et al., Diam. Relat. Mater. 17, 1840 (2008) [1]). As claimed recently (Alegre et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 105, 173103 (2014) [2]), boron pair interactions rather than strain-related misfit seems to be responsible for such dislocation generation. In the present work, electron microscopy observations are used to study the defects induced by heavy boron doping in different growth plane orientations. Facets of pyramidal Hillocks (PHs) and pits provide access to non-conventional growth orientations where boron atoms incorporation is different during growth. TEM analysis on FIB prepared lamellas confirm that also for those growth orientations, the generation of dislocations occurs within the heavily boron-doped diamond layers. Stacking faults (SFs) have been also observed by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HREM). From the invisibility criteria, using weak beam (WB) observation, ½ [1-10] and 1/6 [11-2], Burger vectors have been identified. Their generation behavior confirms the mechanism reported by Alegre et al. where local in-plane strain effects induced at the growing surface of the diamond lattice by the neighboring of several boron atoms cause the generation of such extended defects

Hail nets do not affect the efficacy of metamitron for chemical thinning of apple tree

Hail nets reduce photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and alter the environment under the netting in apple orchards. Thus, we investigated the effect of nets on the efficacy of metamitron, a short-term photosynthesis inhibitor used for fruit thinning. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the netting and metamitron on thinning efficacy, yield, fruit quality and chlorophyll fluorescence in three apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars. One or two metamitron applications at different doses or rates were applied the tree under different coloured nets. The reduction of PAR was highest with black nets (19%-22%), followed by green (13%-15%) and white nets (6%-11%). There were no significant differences (P> 0.05) in fruit weight or size with or without nets. Double applications of metamitron increased average fruit fresh weight and reduced the fruit set over four experiments. In contrast, single applications were less effective. In two experiments, thinning was associated with lower yields. However, there was no effect in the other two experiments. The double treatments tended to increase the percentage of the crop with fruit larger than 70 mm in diameter. All thinning strategies showed similar inhibition in fluorescence, with the only observed significant differences between treatments occurring when using a single or double application. The results show that netting does not affect the response to thinning with metamitron.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Dependencia emocional y violencia en parejas universitarias, Chimbote, 2021

El objetivo principal fue determinar la relación entre dependencia emocional y violencia en parejas universitarias. Es de tipo correlacional, diseño no experimental. Se consideró como población a dos universidades de Chimbote, teniendo en cuenta parejas universitarias que oscilan los 18 a 28 años, siendo una muestra aprox. de 100 universitarios. Así mismo, los resultados arrojan que la Dependencia emocional se da con un 17 % en nivel alto, 10 % nivel moderado, 7% nivel significativo y 66 % nivel bajo o normal; mientras que en la Violencia se da un 8 % nivel de aceptación, 14 % nivel de indiferencia y 78 % nivel de rechazo. Las variables de Dependencia emocional y Violencia dan como resultado que sí existe relación, según la Dependencia emocional y Violencia (rho = -.697, p < 0.05); mientras que en la relación de Dependencia y las dimensiones de Violencia obtenemos los siguientes resultados: VP (rho= -.698, p < 0.05, con intensidad alta), VS (rho= -.488, p < 0.05, con intensidad media), VF (rho= -.466, p < 0.05, con intensidad media). Finalmente, se demostró la existencia de la relación entre ambas variables de estudi