Clinicopathological And Immunohistochemical Evaluation Of Oral And Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma In Chilean Population

In oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC and OPSCC) exist an association between clinical and histopathological parameters with cell proliferation, basal lamina, connective tissue degradation and surrounding stroma markers. We evaluated these associations in Chilean patients. A convenience sample of 37 cases of OCSCC (n=16) and OPSCC (n=21) was analyzed clinically (TNM, clinical stage) and histologically (WHO grade of differentiation, pattern of tumor invasion). We assessed the expression of p53, Ki67, HOXA1, HOXB7, type IV collagen (ColIV) and carcinoma-associated fibroblast (a-SMA-positive cells). Additionally we conducted a univariate/bivariate analysis to assess the relationship of these variables with survival rates. Males were mostly affected (56.2% OCSCC, 76.2% OPSCC). Patients were mainly diagnosed at III/IV clinical stages (68.8% OCSCC, 90.5% OPSCC) with a predominantly infiltrative pattern invasion (62.9% OCSCC, 57.1% OPSCC). Significant association between regional lymph nodes (N) and clinical stage with OCSCC-HOXB7 expression (Chi-Square test P < 0.05) was observed. In OPSCC a statistically significant association exists between p53, Ki67 with gender (Chi-Square test P < 0.05). In OCSCC and OPSCC was statistically significant association between ki67 with HOXA1, HOXB7, and between these last two antigens (Pearson's Correlation test P < 0.05). Furthermore OPSCC-p53 showed significant correlation when it was compared with a-SMA (Kendall's Tau-c test P < 0.05). Only OCSCC-pattern invasion and OPSCC-primary tumor (T) pattern resulted associated with survival at the end of the follow up period (Chi-Square Likelihood Ratio, P < 0.05). Clinical, histological and immunohistochemical features are similar to seen in other countries. Cancer proliferation markers were associated strongly from each other. Our sample highlights prognostic value of T and pattern of invasion, but the conclusions may be limited and should be considered with caution (small sample). Many cases were diagnosed in the advanced stages of the disease, which suggests that the diagnosis of OCSCC and OPSCC is made late.7959685977Wang, Q., Gao, P., Wang, X., Duan, Y., Investigation and identification of potential biomarkers in human saliva for the early diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (2013) Clin Chim Acta, 427 C, pp. 79-85Parkin, D., Bray, F., Ferlay, J., Pisani, P., Global cancer statistics, 2002 (2005) CA Cancer J Clin, 55, p. 74Dissanayaka, W.L., Pitiyage, G., Kumarasiri, P.V., Liyanage, R.L., Dias, K.D., Tilakaratne, W.M., Clinical and histopathologic parameters in survival of oral squamous cell carcinoma (2012) Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol, 113, pp. 518-525Koontongkaew, S., The tumor microenvironment contribution to development, growth, invasion and metastasis of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (2013) J Cancer, 4, p. 66Dalianis, T., Human papillomavirus and oropharyngeal cancer, the epidemics, and significance of additional clinical biomarkers for prediction of response to therapy (2014) Int J Oncol, 44, pp. 1799-1805Kostareli, E., Holzinger, D., Hess, J., New concepts for translational head and neck oncology: Lessons from HPV-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (2012) Front Oncol, 2, p. 36Rivera, C., Venegas, B., Histological and molecular aspects of oral squamous cell carcinoma (2014) Oncol Lett, 8, pp. 7-11Bryne, M., Koppang, H.S., Lilleng, R., Kjærheim, Å., Malignancy grading of the deep invasive margins of oral squamous cell carcinomas has high prognostic value (2005) J Pathol, 166, pp. 375-381Santos-Garcia, A., Abad-Hernandez, M.M., Fonseca-Sanchez, E., Julian-Gonzalez, R., Galindo-Villardon, P., Cruz-Hernandez, J.J., Bullon-Sopelana, A., E-cadherin, laminin and collagen IV expression in the evolution from dysplasia to oral squamous cell carcinoma (2006) Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal, 11, pp. E100-E105Ramqvist, T., Dalianis, T., Oropharyngeal cancer epidemic and human papillomavirus (2010) Emerg Infect Dis, 16, pp. 1671-1677Rodrigues, P.C., Miguel, M.C., Bagordakis, E., Fonseca, F.P., de Aquino, S.N., Santos-Silva, A.R., Lopes, M.A., Coletta, R.D., Clinicopathological prognostic factors of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma: a retrospective study of 202 cases (2014) Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 43, pp. 795-801Agarwal, A., Sethi, A., Sareen, D., Dhingra, S., Oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma in our population: the clinic-pathological and morphological description of 153 casescarcinoma de Células Escamosas Oral y Orofaríngeo en Nuestra Población: Descripción Clínico-Patológica y Morfológica de 153 Casos (2011) Int J Morphol, 29, pp. 686-693Roosli, C., Tschudi, D.C., Studer, G., Braun, J., Stoeckli, S.J., Outcome of patients after treatment for a squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx (2009) Laryngoscope, 119, pp. 534-540Riera, P., Martinez, B., [Morbidity and mortality for oral and pharyngeal cancer in Chile] (2005) Rev Med Chil, 133, pp. 555-563Marsh, D., Suchak, K., Moutasim, K.A., Vallath, S., Hopper, C., Jerjes, W., Upile, T., Thomas, G.J., Stromal features are predictive of disease mortality in oral cancer patients (2011) J Pathol, 223, pp. 470-481Woolgar, J., Rogers, S., West, C., Errington, R., Brown, J., Vaughan, E., Survival and patterns of recurrence in 200 oral cancer patients treated by radical surgery and neck dissection (1999) Oral Oncol, 35, pp. 257-265Bórquez, P., Capdeville, F., Madrid, A., Veloso, M., Cárcamo, M., Sobrevida global y por estadios de 137 pacientes con cáncer intraoral: experiencia del Instituto Nacional del CáncerAnalysis of survival of 137 patients with oral cancer (2011) Rev Chil Cir, 63, pp. 351-355Woolgar, J.A., Triantafyllou, A., Pitfalls and procedures in the histopathological diagnosis of oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma and a review of the role of pathology in prognosis (2009) Oral Oncol, 45, pp. 361-385Li, Y., Bai, S., Carroll, W., Dayan, D., Dort, J.C., Heller, K., Jour, G., Brandwein-Gensler, M., Validation of the risk model: high-risk classification and tumor pattern of invasion predict outcome for patients with low-stage oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (2013) Head Neck Pathol, 7, pp. 211-223Chang, Y.C., Nieh, S., Chen, S.F., Jao, S.W., Lin, Y.L., Fu, E., Invasive pattern grading score designed as an independent prognostic indicator in oral squamous cell carcinoma (2010) Histopathology, 57, pp. 295-303Adeyemi, B.F., Olusanya, A.A., Lawoyin, J.O., Oral squamous cell carcinoma, socioeconomic status and history of exposure to alcohol and tobacco (2011) J Natl Med Assoc, 103, pp. 498-502De Souza Setubal Destro, M.F., Bitu, C.C., Zecchin, K.G., Graner, E., Lopes, M.A., Kowalski, L.P., Coletta, R.D., Overexpression of HOXB7 homeobox gene in oral cancer induces cellular proliferation and is associated with poor prognosis (2010) Int J Oncol, 36, pp. 141-149Bitu, C.C., Destro, M.F., Carrera, M., Da Silva, S.D., Graner, E., Kowalski, L.P., Soares, F.A., Coletta, R.D., HOXA1 is overexpressed in oral squamous cell carcinomas and its expression is correlated with poor prognosis (2012) BMC Cancer, 12, p. 146Liao, W.T., Jiang, D., Yuan, J., Cui, Y.M., Shi, X.W., Chen, C.M., Bian, X.W., Ding, Y.Q., HOXB7 as a prognostic factor and mediator of colorectal cancer progression (2011) Clin Cancer Res, 17, pp. 3569-357

Droplet pattern and condensation gradient around a humidity sink

We describe the evolution of a water drop saturated with NaCl and the growth of pure water droplets in a breath figure pattern (BF) condensing around it. This salty drop acts as a humidity sink, inhibiting the BF inside a ring at a distance r=δ from the sink center and slowing down BF growth outside the ring. The initial salty drop is taken either from a salt-saturated solution (type I experiment) or by placing an NaCl crystal on the substrate (type II experiment). The results are similar, provided that the initial time for type II evolution is taken at the end of the crystal dissolution. The evolution of the salty drop radius R is deduced from the establishment of a three-dimensional hyperbolic concentration profile around the salty drop. This profile scales with r/δ. Accounting for the salt concentration decrease with salty drop growth, R is seen to grow as t5. In the region r>δ, water droplets nucleate and grow. The rate of evolution of the water droplets at constant r/δ can be used to determine the local water pressure. The corresponding data reasonably agree with a hyperbolic water vapor profile around the salty drop. These results can be applied to the growth of BF patterns to determine whether hyperbolic or linear water vapor profiles apply

Correlation effects and the high-frequency spin susceptibility of an electron liquid: Exact limits

Spin correlations in an interacting electron liquid are studied in the high-frequency limit and in both two and three dimensions. The third-moment sum rule is evaluated and used to derive exact limiting forms (at both long- and short-wavelengths) for the spin-antisymmetric local-field factor, $\lim_{\omega \to \infty}G_-({\bf q, \omega})$. In two dimensions $\lim_{\omega \to \infty}G_-({\bf q, \omega})$ is found to diverge as $1/q$ at long wavelengths, and the spin-antisymmetric exchange-correlation kernel of time-dependent spin density functional theory diverges as $1/q^2$ in both two and three dimensions. These signal a failure of the local-density approximation, one that can be redressed by alternative approaches.Comment: 5 page

Spontaneous CP Violating Phase as the Phase in PMNS Matrix

We study the possibility of identifying the CP violating phases in the PMNS mixing matrix in the lepton sector and also that in the CKM mixing matrix in the quark sector with the phase responsible for the spontaneous CP violation in the Higgs potential, and some implications. Since the phase in the CKM mixing matrix is determined by experimental data, the phase in the lepton sector is therefore also fixed. The mass matrix for neutrinos is constrained leading to constraints on the Jarlskog CP violating parameter $J$, and the effective mass $$ for neutrinoless double beta decay. The Yukawa couplings are also constrained. Different ways of identifying the phases have different predictions for $\mu \to e e\bar e$ and $\tau \to l_1 l_2 \bar l_3$. Future experimental data can be used to distinguish different models.Comment: 16 pages, 3 figure

The effect of spontaneous collapses on neutrino oscillations

We compute the effect of collapse models on neutrino oscillations. The effect of the collapse is to modify the evolution of the `spatial' part of the wave function, which indirectly amounts to a change on the flavor components. In many respects, this phenomenon is similar to neutrino propagation through matter. For the analysis we use the mass proportional CSL model, and perform the calculation to second order perturbation theory. As we will show, the CSL prediction is very small - mainly due to the very small mass of neutrinos - and practically undetectable.Comment: 24 pages, RevTeX. Updated versio

Kinetics and Jamming Coverage in a Random Sequential Adsorption of Polymer Chains

Using a highly efficient Monte Carlo algorithm, we are able to study the growth of coverage in a random sequential adsorption (RSA) of self-avoiding walk (SAW) chains for up to 10^{12} time steps on a square lattice. For the first time, the true jamming coverage (theta_J) is found to decay with the chain length (N) with a power-law theta_J propto N^{-0.1}. The growth of the coverage to its jamming limit can be described by a power-law, theta(t) approx theta_J -c/t^y with an effective exponent y which depends on the chain length, i.e., y = 0.50 for N=4 to y = 0.07 for N=30 with y -> 0 in the asymptotic limit N -> infinity.Comment: RevTeX, 5 pages inclduing figure

Gravitational Coupling and Dynamical Reduction of The Cosmological Constant

We introduce a dynamical model to reduce a large cosmological constant to a sufficiently small value. The basic ingredient in this model is a distinction which has been made between the two unit systems used in cosmology and particle physics. We have used a conformal invariant gravitational model to define a particular conformal frame in terms of large scale properties of the universe. It is then argued that the contributions of mass scales in particle physics to the vacuum energy density should be considered in a different conformal frame. In this manner, a decaying mechanism is presented in which the conformal factor appears as a dynamical field and plays a key role to relax a large effective cosmological constant. Moreover, we argue that this model also provides a possible explanation for the coincidence problem.Comment: To appear in GR

The seesaw mechanism at TeV scale in the 3-3-1 model with right-handed neutrinos

We implement the seesaw mechanism in the 3-3-1 model with right-handed neutrinos. This is accomplished by the introduction of a scalar sextet into the model and the spontaneous violation of the lepton number. We identify the Majoron as a singlet under $SU_L(2)\otimes U_Y(1)$ symmetry, which makes it safe under the current bounds imposed by electroweak data. The main result of this work is that the seesaw mechanism works already at TeV scale with the outcome that the right-handed neutrino masses lie in the electroweak scale, in the range from MeV to tens of GeV. This window provides a great opportunity to test their appearance at current detectors, though when we contrast our results with some previous analysis concerning detection sensitivity at LHC, we conclude that further work is needed in order to validate this search.Comment: about 13 pages, no figure

Non-standard Hamiltonian effects on neutrino oscillations

We investigate non-standard Hamiltonian effects on neutrino oscillations, which are effective additional contributions to the vacuum or matter Hamiltonian. Since these effects can enter in either flavor or mass basis, we develop an understanding of the difference between these bases representing the underlying theoretical model. In particular, the simplest of these effects are classified as ``pure'' flavor or mass effects, where the appearance of such a ``pure'' effect can be quite plausible as a leading non-standard contribution from theoretical models. Compared to earlier studies investigating particular effects, we aim for a top-down classification of a possible ``new physics'' signature at future long-baseline neutrino oscillation precision experiments. We develop a general framework for such effects with two neutrino flavors and discuss the extension to three neutrino flavors, as well as we demonstrate the challenges for a neutrino factory to distinguish the theoretical origin of these effects with a numerical example. We find how the precision measurement of neutrino oscillation parameters can be altered by non-standard effects alone (not including non-standard interactions in the creation and detection processes) and that the non-standard effects on Hamiltonian level can be distinguished from other non-standard effects (such as neutrino decoherence and decay) if we consider specific imprint of the effects on the energy spectra of several different oscillation channels at a neutrino factory.Comment: 30 pages, 6 figures, LaTeX, final version, published in Eur.Phys.J.

The Layer 0 Inner Silicon Detector of the D0 Experiment

This paper describes the design, fabrication, installation and performance of the new inner layer called Layer 0 (L0) that was inserted in the existing Run IIa Silicon Micro-Strip Tracker (SMT) of the D0 experiment at the Fermilab Tevatron collider. L0 provides tracking information from two layers of sensors, which are mounted with center lines at a radial distance of 16.1 mm and 17.6 mm respectively from the beam axis. The sensors and readout electronics are mounted on a specially designed and fabricated carbon fiber structure that includes cooling for sensor and readout electronics. The structure has a thin polyimide circuit bonded to it so that the circuit couples electrically to the carbon fiber allowing the support structure to be used both for detector grounding and a low impedance connection between the remotely mounted hybrids and the sensors.Comment: 28 pages, 9 figure