Strategies to develop the English communication in the teaching -learning process in the 7TH A grade students, at Instituto Nacional Dario during the period of March- October 2014 in Matagalpa, Dario City, Nicaragua

The present research analyses strategies to develop the English communication in the teaching -learning process in the 7TH A grade students, at Instituto Nacional Dario during the period of March- October 2014 in Matagalpa, Dario City, Nicaragua.In the first chapter we identify the teaching-learning environment in which English class is developed. The main Focus studied in this chapter is about the physical environment; psychological environment and climate that influence this process directly to understand whether or not the environment is an important factor that makes students feel motivation to study and learn to speak English.The second part is about competences, it is important to identify what are the teacher’s competences to develop the speaking abilities in students. Here it is analyzed if the teachers develop the students' self-esteem, if they motivate their students to communicate in English, the responsibility of these for attending the class, obtaining good note, lower their anxiety levels to try to communicate in English. In the third chapter the types of teaching-learning resources such as materials used by teachers to teach the class,flipcharts, videos, magazines, newspapers, brochures, pictures, recorder. The fourth part of this research is about the English teaching-learning communication rocess,Communication is more than just a message being transmitted from a speaker to a receive, it analyses the communicative earning strategies, the problems related to the communicative environment.The fifth part is based on the teaching-learning cognitive process, the cognitive aspects of the communicative process it is studied here to understand what the psychological environment interfere in the English speaking abilities.And finally the last part of this, are the recommendations that researchers suggest based in all the study that they had found.All these aspects taken up will help the reader understand the complexity of the problem and respond to the questions raise

DETERMINACIÓN DE LA FUENTE DE INOCULO DE Claviceps gigantea PARA LA EXPRESIÓN DE DIENTE DE CABALLO EN EL HIBRIDO FAISÁN

The incidence and damage caused by the fungus Claviceps gigantea has increased considerably in the Toluca Valley region. It has been reported in fields of susceptible maize hybrids at altitudes from 2,000 to 2,800 masl, especially in plots under high productivity programs. The objective of this study was to identify the source of the inoculum leading to the expression of Claviceps gigantea in the Faisán® hybrid, evaluating different concentrations of ascospores and microconidia (500,000; 250,000; 100,000 and 50,000). The study consisted of two stages. The first was performed in the laboratory, to obtain solutions at the different experimental doses, and the second was performed in the field, where plants that were considered ideal for inoculation were inoculated using the injection technique. For each inoculum type and concentration, 5mL were injected per plant. The results showed that the source of inoculum was ascospores, and 100,000 was the dose that led to the highest incidence and most severe degree of horse’s tooth; the incidence of ears affected increased by 50%, and sclerosis formed by 40 days. Thus, this type of spore demonstrated an ability to generate a new inoculum, reproductive structures, and/or spores in a shorter time period

Instituciones financieras: Marco legal tributario relativo a la declaración y pago anual del impuesto sobre la renta aplicado al Banco La Fise Bancentro en el periodo fiscal 2013

En el presente trabajo abordaremos aspectos relevantes dentro de las finanzas e instituciones financieras, dimos a conocer que dentro de las opciones de financiamiento a largo plazo se encuentran las deudas la cual tienden a tener un plazo de duración mayor a dos años, así mismo podemos encontrar las obligaciones con las que deben cumplir tales instituciones en las que podemos encontrar el pago de impuesto, en tanto las acciones además de proporcionarle recursos a la empresa con la emisión de esta ,la misma hacen que se disminuyan la participación de los socios en la utilidades de la empresa, los bonos son llamados título de deuda y finalmente los arrendamiento financiero que son créditos por el goce de un activos fijo. En el actual mundo de la banca, el cumplimiento de las obligaciones tributarias constituye un elemento fundamental derivado de las actividades propias de cada organización. Por ello, es necesario administrar las obligaciones impositivas de forma tal que dentro de un marco de legalidad se logre minimizar del costo tributario sobre el desempeño de los bancos. Sin dejar atrás la forma en que declaran el impuesto sobre la renta los bancos donde elaboraremos un caso práctico en el cual mostraremos las instrucciones para el llenado del formulario de pago, haciendo referencia a la declaración de este impuesto, así mismo hablaremos de las leyes que regulan este impuesto dentro de las instituciones financieras, en este caso enfocándonos en la declaración anual de LAFISE BANCENTRO

Papel de la Organización de Naciones Unidas ONU (MINUGUA) en el proceso de reconstrucción posconflicto guatemalteco en materia de justicia transicional (1994-2004). Un estado del arte

Estado del arte que recopila pronunciamientos de diversos autores sobre el papel de la Organización de Naciones Unidas, específicamente la Misión MINUGUA, en el proceso de reconstrucción posconflicto en Guatemala comprendido entre el año 1994 y 2004. Se basa en algunas dimensiones de la democratización como son el Estado de Derecho, la democracia representativa, la preeminencia del poder civil, y el fortalecimiento de la cultura democrática. Así mismo, tiene en cuenta los elementos de la justicia transicional, a saber: verdad, justicia y reparación.State of the art that collects pronouncements by various authors on the role of the United Nations, specifically the Mission MINUGUA, in the process of post-conflict reconstruction in Guatemala between 1994 and 2004. It is based on some dimensions of democratization such as the rule of law, representative democracy, the supremacy of the civil power, and the strengthening of democratic culture. It also takes into account the elements of transitional justice, namely: truth, justice and reparation

Study Of Tachyon Dynamics For Broad Classes of Potentials

We investigate in detail the asymptotic properties of tachyon cosmology for a broad class of self-interaction potentials. The present approach relies in an appropriate re-definition of the tachyon field, which, in conjunction with a method formerly applied in the bibliography in a different context, allows to generalize the dynamical systems study of tachyon cosmology to a wider class of self-interaction potentials beyond the (inverse) square-law one. It is revealed that independent of the functional form of the potential, the matter-dominated solution and the ultra-relativistic (also matter-dominated) solution, are always associated with equilibrium points in the phase space of the tachyon models. The latter is always the past attractor, while the former is a saddle critical point. For inverse power-law potentials $V\propto\phi^{-2\lambda}$ the late-time attractor is always the de Sitter solution, while for sinh-like potentials $V\propto\sinh^{-\alpha}(\lambda\phi)$, depending on the region of parameter space, the late-time attractor can be either the inflationary tachyon-dominated solution or the matter-scaling (also inflationary) phase. In general, for most part of known quintessential potentials, the late-time dynamics will be associated either with de Sitter inflation, or with matter-scaling, or with scalar field-dominated solutions.Comment: 13 pages, latex, 4 eps figures. Title changed, authors added, motivation rewritten, discussion improved, references added. To match the published versio

Effect of a silica nanofiller on the structure, dynamics and thermostability of LDPE in LDPE/silica nanocomposites

The effect of the presence of silica nanoparticles on the structure, thermal stability and dynamics of low density polyethylene, LDPE, has been studied. Different loads of nanoparticles were dispersed within a LDPE matrix using high energy ball milling (HEBM) as a preliminary processing step to ensure a uniform dispersion of nanofiller to obtain nanocomposites in the form of films by hot pressing. The monitoring of the FTIR-ATR spectra of the samples as a function of the temperature has proven as a convenient method to study the interactions at a molecular scale between the polyethylene chains and the nanofiller. Band splitting observed in the bending and rocking modes of the ethylene groups indicated formation of crystalline phases whereas the analysis of absorbance band ratios from the stretching vibrations of PE accounted for the behavior of the polymer bulk. No evidence of strong polymer–filler interactions were found with the exception of a thermal relaxation process observed at 55 °C. Structural, morphological and thermal characterization of the nanocomposites did not reveal remarkable changes at low loads of filler, indicating that in the case of LDPE–silica nanocomposites, where weak interactions between the polymer and filler occur, the volume fraction of nanoparticles must be relatively high in order to produce changes in the bulk properties.The authors acknowledge financial support from projects MAT2007-65752 and MAT2010-16815, and the assistance of S. Martínez with the TGA and FTIR-ATR experiments

Teaching about nearly zero energy buildings in the architecture curriculum in Havana, Cuba

Nearly Zero Energy Buildings paradigm is changing the way buildings are designed worldwide. In order to have professionals more prepared to face this goal a design workshop has been implemented for Architecture students at the Technological University of Havana, Cuba. In this paper the background of the environmental design and teaching of nearly zero energy buildings in the architecture curriculum of Havana is explained. The objective of this paper is describe an academic experience with transdisciplinary and integral program designed in order to optimize building`s energy use. From the program consist of a main subject of architectural design, elective and optional subjects, and professional practice. The main subject consisted of architectural design of buildings in urban and rural contexts. The optional subjects were directed towards renewable sources of energy, participation and social impact and the principles of bioclimatic design in hot-humid contexts. The professional practice was aimed at diagnosing energy consumption of different buildings types in real contexts. Finally, the paper discusses the main results and lessons learned from experiences with this educational program through different study methodologies such as historical analysis of sustainability in architecture studies of Havana in last 40 years, presentation of transformations made to program of subject in last two courses as well as exhibition of some results by student work carried out in different contexts

Cyclodextrin-Grafted TiO2 Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Complexation Capacity, and Dispersion in Polymeric Matrices

The modification of the surface of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) by the incorporation of cyclodextrins (CDs), cyclic oligosaccharides with a hydrophobic cavity, can largely improve the functionality of TiO2 by lodging molecules of interest in the CD to act directly on the surface of the nanoparticles or for further release. With this aim, we have synthesized betaCD-modified nanoparticles (betaCDTiO2 NPs) by a two-step reaction that involves the incorporation of a spacer and then the linking of the macrocycle, and characterized them by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The capacity of the functionalized structures to trap model compounds (Rhodamine and 1-naphthol) has been compared to that of bare TiO2 NPs by fluorescence and Ultraviolet-visible (UV-visible) spectroscopy. The presence of the CDs on the surface of the TiO2 avoids the photo-degradation of the guest, which is of interest in order to combine the photocatalytic activity of TiO2, one of its most interesting features for practical purposes, with the delivery of compounds susceptible of being photo-degraded. The betaCDTiO2 NPs have been dispersed in polymeric matrices of frequently used polymers, polyethylene (LDPE) and polyethylene oxide (PEO), by cryogenic high energy ball milling to produce nanocomposites in the form of films. The surface modification of the nanoparticles favors the homogenization of the filler in the matrix, while the nanoparticles, either in bare or functionalized form, do not seem to alter the crystallization properties of the polymer at least up to a 5% (w/w) load of filler.This research was funded by Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, project MAT2014-59116-C2-2-R

Nanomorphology and nanomechanical characteristics of solution-blow-spun PVDF-based fibers filled with carbon nanotubes

Fibers of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) filled with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were prepared by solution blow spinning (SBS). The influence of the MWCNTs on the surface morphology and mechanical behavior of single fibers was studied. The morphology of the materials prepared and the dispersion of the MWCNTs within the polymer were studied by optical microscopy (OM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), while atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to inspect the topography of single fibers and to perform nanoindentation tests. OM and TEM images indicated a good dispersion of the MWCNTs within the PVDF. AFM images evidenced clear changes in the topography of the blow-spun fibers when the MWCNTs were present in the polymer. A greater amount of MWCNTs in the PVDF led to more heterogeneous fiber surfaces. The nanoindentation force curves revealed that the stiffness was practically constant along the fibers, which indicated that the mechanical response was homogeneous and, in turn, an even distribution of the MWCNTs. The incorporation of the MWCNTs produced a mechanical reinforcement of the PVDF fibers, showing increases of 31% and 49% in the elastic modulus when 1% and 5% by weight of MWCNTs were added to the polymer, respectively.This work was financially supported by the projects MAT2014-59116-C2 (Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad), 2012/00130/004 (Fondos de Investigación de Fco. Javier Gonzalez Benito, Política de Reinversión de Costes Generales, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid), and 2011/00287/002 (Acción Estratégica en Materiales Compuestos Poliméricos e Interfases, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid). TEM characterization was done at LABMET, which is associated with the Red de Laboratorios de la Comunidad de Madrid. Finally, we would like to express appreciation for the technical support given by Carmen Ballesteros and Beatriz Galiana to perform the TEM tests