Un juicio sobre antipatriotismo, desobediencia e intento de suicidio “Solicitaba medios para darse muerte, aunque fuera con una estaca”

En este artículo se reconstruye el proceso judicial seguido en 1823 en contra de Marcos Trujillo, un herrero iletrado que prestaba servicios al Estado en los tiempos de la incipiente República de Colombia (1821­1830). Ante las pocas raciones de comida que recibía por su labor en la Maestranza de Pamplona y la separación de su familia y de su tierra, Trujillo decide fugarse para estar con su esposa e hijos. Esta acción constituyó un delito de desobediencia contra el Estado, por lo que el Juez de la Villa de San Gil ordenó que se le apresara y se le regresara a la Maestranza para cumplir con sus obligaciones. En el camino, Trujillo se hirió un pie y según testigos, pidió una estaca para quitarse la vida antes de volver a su trabajo. Al delito de desobediencia, se le agregaron los de antipatriota y el del intento de darse muerte, basado en los hechos de herirse el pie y pedir una estaca para segarse la vida. Pese a que la legislación de la República no establecía taxativamente el intento de suicidio como una violación de la ley, a Trujillo se le abrió el juicio y encarceló por los tres delitos. La norma de la Colonia sí castigaba con el despojo de bienes la tentativa de “muerte propia” y la quema del cadáver del suicida, y en parte siguiendo la tradición religiosa prerepublicana, tanto el Juez como el Fiscal del caso Trujillo consideraron que efectivamente el herrero violó la ley por tres causas, aunque después se le indultó

La Fiesta en Colombia. Albores del siglo XXI

We study the transformations that have been observed in festive manifestations throughout Colombia. Guided by the idea that festivals are a social product, their changes are analyzed from the standpoint of their historic definition and we dwell specifically in what has been called “New Festivities” in Colombia, as witnessed by their objects of celebration, the individuals and communities who celebrate and the new ways of staging festive elements. Understanding Colombia as a nation, today, goes through deciphering the function of the festival and such is the central objective of this inquiryEste artículo es un estudio sobre las transformaciones que se han observado en las manifestaciones festivas en Colombia. Orientados por la concepción según la cual la fiesta es un producto social se analizan sus propios cambios a partir de su misma definición y se estudian específicamente lo que se consideran los Nuevos Festejos en Colombia, vistos en sus nuevos objetos de celebración, sus sujetos celebrantes y las nuevas formas de escenificar lo festivo. Comprender, hoy, la nación colombiana pasa por descifrar la función de la fiesta y ese es el objeto central de esta indagación

Efficient calculation of highly focused electromagnetic Schell-model beams

The calculation of the propagation of partially coherent and partially polarized optical beams involves using 4D Fourier Transforms. This poses a major drawback, taking into account memory and computational capabilities of nowadays computers. In this paper we propose an efficient calculation procedure for retrieving the irradiance of electromagnetic Schell-model highly focused beams. We take advantage of the separability of such beams to compute the cross-spectral density matrix by using only 2D Fourier Transforms. In particular, the number of operations depends only on the number of pixels of the input beam, independently on the coherence properties. To provide more insight, we analyze the behavior of a beam without a known analytical solution. Finally, the numerical complexity and computation time is analyzed and compared with some other algorithms

La fiesta como objeto y contexto de investigación en el campo de los estudios migratorios y el campo historiográfico de la Argentina

A principios de los años 90 Da Orden (1991) señaló que el campo de los estudios migratorios de la Argentina contaba con muy pocos trabajos que tomaran a la fiesta como objeto legítimo en el cual indagar distintos procesos sociales. Nueve años después Garavaglia (2000) hizo un señalamiento similar sobre el campo historiográfico de la Argentina, al indicar que si bien ?mucho se ha escrito sobre las fiestas [este objeto de estudio] no ha preocupado, salvo escasas excepciones, a nuestros historiadores? (Idem: 76). Partiendo del diagnóstico presentado por estos autores, nuestro artículo se propone revisar una serie de trabajos -publicados en ambos campos académicos durante los últimos veinticinco años- que se dedicaron a analizar diversos procesos sociales en contextos festivos.Teniendo en claro que el objetivo principal del artículo es brindar un panorama general sobre la proliferación actual de dichos antecedentes, destinamos la primera sección del texto a presentar una hipótesis de lectura respecto a cuál habría sido el fundamento teórico para que, inicialmente, la fiesta fuera escasamente valorada como objeto de estudio y décadas después se le otorgue plena legitimidad académica. En la segunda y tercera parte del artículo presentaremos los trabajos provenientes del campo de los estudios migratorios y el campo historiográfico que tomaron a la fiesta como objeto y/o contexto de estudio en el cual indagar diversos procesos sociales. Finalmente, el artículo se cierra con algunas reflexiones destinadas a hilar el recorrido anteriormente propuesto.Instituto de Investigaciones en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociale

Genetic diversity and connectivity remain high in Holothuria polii (Delle Chiaje 1823) across a coastal lagoon-open sea environmental gradient

Coastal lagoons represent habitats with widely heterogeneous environmental conditions, particularly as regards salinity and temperature, which fluctuate in both space and time. These characteristics suggest that physical and ecological factors could contribute to the genetic divergence among populations occurring in coastal lagoon and open-coast environments. This study investigates the genetic structure of Holothuria polii at a micro-geographic scale across the Mar Menor coastal lagoon and nearby marine areas, estimating the mitochondrial DNA variation in two gene fragments, cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and 16S rRNA (16S). Dataset of mitochondrial sequences was also used to test the influence of environmental differences between coastal lagoon and marine waters on population genetic structure. All sampled locations exhibited high levels of haplotype diversity and low values of nucleotide diversity. Both genes showed contrasting signals of genetic differentiation (non-significant differences using COI and slight differences using 16S, which could due to different mutation rates or to differential number of exclusive haplotypes. We detected an excess of recent mutations and exclusive haplotypes, which can be generated as a result of population growth. However, selective processes can be also acting on the gene markers used; highly significant generalized additive models have been obtained considering genetic data from 16S gene and independent variables such as temperature and salinity.Coastal lagoons represent habitats with widely heterogeneous environmental conditions, particularly as regards salinity and temperature, which fluctuate in both space and time. These characteristics suggest that physical and ecological factors could contribute to the genetic divergence among populations occurring in coastal lagoon and open-coast environments. This study investigates the genetic structure of Holothuria polii at a micro-geographic scale across the Mar Menor coastal lagoon and nearby marine areas, estimating the mitochondrial DNA variation in two gene fragments, cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and 16S rRNA (16S). Dataset of mitochondrial sequences was also used to test the influence of environmental differences between coastal lagoon and marine waters on population genetic structure. All sampled locations exhibited high levels of haplotype diversity and low values of nucleotide diversity. Both genes showed contrasting signals of genetic differentiation (non-significant differences using COI and slight differences using 16S, which could due to different mutation rates or to differential number of exclusive haplotypes. We detected an excess of recent mutations and exclusive haplotypes, which can be generated as a result of population growth. However, selective processes can be also acting on the gene markers used; highly significant generalized additive models have been obtained considering genetic data from 16S gene and independent variables such as temperature and salinity

Gender diversity on boards: Determinants that underlie the proposals for female directors

[Abstract] Although the gender composition of corporate boards and the contribution of female directors to corporate governance have been previously analysed, few studies have investigated the factors that may help contribute to increasing the still scarce presence of women on boards. Therefore, using three-stage least squares (3SLS) estimation on a data panel comprising the 100 largest companies in the world according to the 2019 Fortune Global 500 ranking, including data on (re)election proposals for corporate board members, this research aims to analyse the influence of the number of men's nominations, board interlocks, director tenure, geographical area, the sector to which the firms belong, and the relevance of firms on women's nominations for boards of directors. The results show the factors that facilitate the presence of women on boards. In addition, the different influences that remain in the election of female and male directors when considering factors related to the experience, expertise, and networks of directors or the visibility of firms can also be observed. This study contributes to the knowledge of gender diversity on boards, shedding light on the factors that might lead to gender-balanced boards. It could also help companies and policymakers design strategies to build more egalitarian boards

Hazard Fear in Commodity Markets

[EN] We introduce a commodity futures return predictor related to “fear” about weather, disease, geopolitical and economic hazards that distress the commodity supply or demand. Using Google search volume data by 149 hazards as keywords, we define a commodity hazard-fear characteristic that reflects the extent and direction of its past excess returns’ comovement with the hazard-fear. Using this characteristic as trading signal in a long-short portfolio framework, we find a sizeable and significant commodity hazard-fear (CFEAR) premium. The CFEAR portfolio returns reflect some compensation for momentum, basis, skewness, basis-momentum, and illiquidity risks, but the risk-adjusted excess returns remain sizeable. Exposure to hazard-fear is strongly priced in the cross-section of individual commodity futures returns and commodity portfolios beyond known risk factors. We identify a significant role for investor sentiment in the CFEAR premia.S

Identification and modeling of a novel chloramphenicol resistance protein detected by functional metagenomics in a wetland of Lerma, Mexico

The exploration of novel antibiotic resistance determinants in a particular environment may be limited because of the presence of uncultured microorganisms. In this work, a culture independent approach based on functional metagenomics was applied to search for chloramphenicol resistance genes in agro-industrial wastewater in Lerma de Villada, Mexico. To this end, a metagenomic library was generated in Escherichia coli DH10B containing DNA isolated from environmental samples of the residual arsenic-enriched (10 mg/ml) effl uent. One resistant clone was detected in this library and further analyzed. An open reading frame similar to a multidrug resistance protein from Aeromonas salmonicida and responsible for chloramphenicol resistance was identifi ed, sequenced, and found to encode a member of the major facilitator superfamily (MFS). Our results also showed that the expression of this gene restored streptomycin sensitivity in E. coli DH10B cells. To gain further insight into the phenotype of this MFS family member, we developed a model of the membrane protein multiporter that, in addition, may serve as a template for developing new antibiotics. [Int Microbiol 2013; 16(2):103-111]Keywords: Escherichia coli; chloramphenicol; functional metagenomics; major facilitator superfamily; homology models; membrane proteins; arseni