Concesiones de correo para un imperio global: los correos mayores dentro del Imperio español en América (1514-1620)

The nature of mail concessions awarded to private parties in order to enable the distribution of information within the Spanish Empire in the sixteenth century is examined. I propose the hypothesis that several versions of mail concessions coexisted within the Spanish Empire. Likewise, I question the notion that these mail concessions were intended to gain monopoly control. The analysis concentrates on correos mayores, through which contracts were negotiated and entered into with the crown for the rights to distribute correspondence in several communication epicenters. By means of a comparison between the situations in Sevilla, the Royal Court, Mexico, and Guatemala, the article shows that “gifts” by various means, as well as auctions, were the main models for allocating mail concessions.El presente artículo examina la naturaleza de las concesiones de correos, entregadas a algunos particulares para hacer posible la distribución de información dentro del imperio español durante el siglo XVI. Como hipótesis propongo que dentro del imperio español coexistieron diferentes versiones de las concesiones de correos. Así mismo cuestiono la idea de que las concesiones tenían intenciones monopolísticas. El eje del análisis serán los correos mayores, quienes negociaron y contrataron con la corona el derecho a distribuir la correspondencia hacia epicentros comunicativos. A partir de la comparación entre casos como el de Sevilla, la Corte Real, México y Guatemala el texto demuestra que la “donación” por diferentes vías y la subasta fueron los  principales modelos de asignación de las concesiones de correos

On the testability of WCAG 2.0 for beginners

Web accessibility for people with disabilities is a highly visible area of research in the field of ICT accessibility, including many policy activities across many countries. The commonly accepted guidelines for web accessibility (WCAG 1.0) were published in 1999 and have been extensively used by designers, evaluators and legislators. W3C-WAI published a new version of these guidelines (WCAG 2.0) in December 2008. One of the main goals of WCAG 2.0 was testability, that is, WCAG 2.0 should be either machine testable or reliably human testable. In this paper we present an educational experiment performed during an intensive web accessibility course. The goal of the experiment was to assess the testability of the 25 level-A success criteria of WCAG 2.0 by beginners. To do this, the students had to manually evaluate the accessibility of the same web page. The result was that only eight success criteria could be considered to be reliably human testable when evaluators were beginners. We also compare our experiment with a similar study published recently. Our work is not a conclusive experiment, but it does suggest some parts of WCAG 2.0 to which special attention should be paid when training accessibility evaluator

Glucosa Capilar e IMC en pacientes con Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 bajo tratamiento Farmacológico y Nutricional

La Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 (DM 2) se presenta como un desorden metabólico crónico, caracterizado por concentraciones elevadas de glucosa en la sangre, este descontrol metabólico, está relacionado con la alta frecuencia de complicaciones crónicas que disminuyen la calidad de vida de los pacientes, que son causa de hospitalizaciones frecuentes

CO2 capture by amino-functionalized graphene oxide

Human activity is increasing CO2 atmospheric concentration contributing to global warming. In this situation CO2 reversible capture and storage, what it is known as carbon capture and conversion (CCC), can be part of the solution. In this context, searching for a suitable material for this application is necessary. The present study was carried out to investigate the CO2adsorption of amino-functionalized graphene oxide on its surface. Amino-functionalized graphene oxide samples were prepared by different methods with two kind of molecules: 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS) and polyethylenimine (PEI). A characterization study of the prepared samples was done with thermal analysis, thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). To evaluate the CO2adsorption of the samples CO2 adsorption isotherms were done. These isotherms correspond with a type I and shows an improvement in CO2 chemisorption regarding graphene oxide.This work was supported by “Help Industrial Doctorate” granted by the University of Cantabria in its 2014 call associated with the project Nº 51.DI03.648 and it is gratefully acknowledged

The expression of creativity in learning how to read and write : a case study

O presente artigo tem por objetivo destacar as formas em que a criatividade se expressa na aprendizagem da leitura e da escrita da criança. Assume-se como referencial teórico a concepção de aprendizagem criativa desenvolvida por Mitjáns Martínez. Segundo essa concepção, os processos criativos emergem nos contextos de ação do sujeito, mediante recursos subjetivos constituídos historicamente e que se organizam no momento da ação concreta. A expressão desse tipo de aprendizagem tem se configurado pela personalização da informação, confrontação com o dado e pela geração, produção de ideias novas que vão além do que está posto. Adota-se como eixo norteador a pesquisa qualitativa, apoiada nos princípios da epistemologia qualitativa desenvolvida por González Rey, com opção pelo estudo de caso utilizando instrumentos abertos e semiabertos, tais como: dinâmicas conversacionais, observações, entrevistas como processo e diário de ideias. A investigação foi desenvolvida em uma escola da rede pública, com alunos dos primeiros e segundos anos do ensino fundamental, na qual acompanhamos os aprendizes por dois anos consecutivos. Como conclusão, considera-se que a expressão da criatividade na aprendizagem da leitura e da escrita foi significativamente apresentada pelas características destacadas por Mitjáns Martínez, bem como pela relação lúdica da criança com sua aprendizagem.This paper has the purpose of highlighting the ways through which creativity is expressed in the child´s learning of how to read and write. The theoretical assumption taken is the concept of creative learning developed by Mitjáns Martínez. According to such conception, the creative processes emerge in the context of the individual´s action, through subjective resources that are historically constructed and are organized in the moment of concrete action. The expression of this type of learning has been configured by the personalization of information, confrontation with the data, and by the generation and production of new ideas that go beyond what is taken for granted. The guiding axis adopted is qualitative research, supported by the principles of thequalitative epistemology developed by González Rey, with the option of conducting a case study utilizing open and semi-open tools, such as: conversational dynamics, observations, interviews as a process and a diary of ideas. The investigation took place in a public school, among 1st and 2nd graders, in which we monitored the learners for two years in a row. As a conclusion, we consider that the expression of creativity in learning how to read and write was significantly presented by the characteristics emphasized by the author mentioned above, as well as by the playful relationship of the child with his/her learning

Short-range structure and thermal properties of barium tellurite glasses

BaO-TeO2 glasses containing 10 to 20 BaO mol% were prepared and characterized by X-ray diffraction, density measurements, differential scanning calorimetry and Raman spectroscopy. Glass density decreases with increase in BaO concentration from 10 to 20 mol%, due to replacement of heavier TeO2 by lighter BaO, however glass transition temperature (Tg) increases significantly from a value of 318°C to 327°C due to increase in average single bond enthalpy of the tellurite network. Raman studies found that glass short-range structure consists of TeO4 and TeO3 structural units and BaO modifies the network by producing the structural transformation: TeO4→ TeO3

DSC and Raman studies of silver borotellurite glasses

Silver borotellurite glasses of composition: xAg2O-yB2O3-(100-x-y)TeO2 (x=20-mol%, y = 0, 10, 20 and 30-mol%) were prepared and characterized by density, X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry, and Raman spectroscopy. XRD confirmed the amorphous structure of all samples. Density of glasses decreases while the glass transition temperature increases with increase in B2O3 content from 10 to 30-mol%. Raman study shows that coordination number of Te with oxygen decreases steadily from 3.42 to 3.18 on adding B2O3 due to the transformation of TeO4 into TeO3 units

POBLACIÓN OBSTÉTRICA TRATADA CON BALÓN DE BAKRI DURANTE EL PERIODO COMPRENDIDO ENTRE ENERO 2019 A ENERO 2020. HMPMPS.

Cada año 14 millones de mujeres sufren de hemorragia postparto y de ellas 125 000 fallecen. HPP se define como la pérdida de sangre ≥500 ml. En el manejo de la HPP es necesario conocer sus posibles etiologías.1 La atonía uterina (Tono) es la causa más frecuente, pero para su diagnóstico de certeza primero es necesario descartar las otras posibles etiologías: (Trauma, Tejido, Trombina). El tratamiento debe estar basado en tres pilares fundamentales: medidas generales, reanimación y control del sangrado. Cuando no hay respuesta al tratamiento farmacológico, el empaquetamiento con gasas estériles es una opción, sin embargo, ha sido sustituido por los balones hidrostáticos.11 El uso del taponamiento uterino con balón parece evitar en la mayoría de casos el paso al tratamiento quirúrgico y también podría ser una medida temporal hasta la transferencia a la paciente a un centro con mayores recursos. Documentar la población obstétrica del Hospital Materno Perinatal “Mónica Pretelini Sáenz”, acerca de la prevalencia de pacientes tratadas con balón de Bakri, así como los resultados obstétricos, durante el periodo comprendido entre enero 2019 a enero 2020.UAEM, el autor

Mussel shell mortars durability: Study of aggregate replacement limit

[Abstract]: The knowledge acquired through previous experimental phases with coating mortars with mussel shell aggregates led to conclude that irregular, flaky and hydrophobic particles of the mussel shell and the organic matter content introduce entrapped air and entrained air in the mixes. This phenomenon causes different and opposite effects on the main properties of mortars, which are in some way positive and negative (for durability), consequently, their durability cannot be easily predicted. The present work pretends to analyse the results of different durability tests, such as water vapour permeability, adhesive strength, and weathering cycles to recommend the maximum percentage of mussel shell sand used in coating mortars that guarantee the required lifespan. After an in-depth literature review, it can be said that it is not easy to predict the durability of mortars using mussel shell aggregates. This question has been hardly analysed in the existing literature and the maximum substitution percentage of conventional aggregate that can be replaced is not clear. This work aims to answer this issue by analysing different properties: water vapour permeability, adhesive strength, and weathering cycles. Mussel shell content improves the water vapour permeability of both air lime and cement mortars but worsens the adhesive strength and weathering cycle behaviour. For most applications, 25 % of mussel shell aggregate can be employed, but for some applications, 50 % or even 75 % of mussel shell aggregate is feasible and will avoid the undesirable landfilling of this waste.This work has been developed within the framework of the project "Valorización de las conchas de bivalvos gallegos en el ámbito de la construcción" (Valorisation of Galician bivalve shell in the construction sector; Code 00064742/ITC-20133094), funded by CDTI (Centro para el Desarrollo Tecnológico e Industrial) under the FEDER-Innterconecta Program, and co-financed with European Union ERDF funds