PARÂMETROS CURRICULARES NACIONAIS DE LÍNGUA PORTUGUESA: A (NÃO) INTERFERÊNCIA NO TRABALHO DOCENTE

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo identificar a representação de um professor de Língua Portuguesa acerca dos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais de 5ª a 8ª série, do Ensino Fundamental e a interferência desse documento no trabalho do professor com o ensino de gêneros textuais. Para isso, fizemos uso do quadro teórico-metodológico e analítico do Interacionismo Sociodiscursivo (ISD), pautado nos escritos de Bronckart (1999), Machado (2009) e Machado e Bronckart (2004, 2009). No que diz respeito à metodologia, foi analisado o contexto de trabalho de um professor de LP, com o corpus constituído por uma entrevista, seguida de transcrição. Desse modo, foi realizada uma análise textual, abrangendo o nível enunciativo. Os resultados apontam para uma rejeição aos PCNs, fator que possivelmente promove um trabalho pautado em uma perspectiva que demonstra não valorizar a linguagem como forma de interação social

Global assessment of marine plastic exposure risk for oceanic birds

Plastic pollution is distributed patchily around the world’s oceans. Likewise, marine organisms that are vulnerable to plastic ingestion or entanglement have uneven distributions. Understanding where wildlife encounters plastic is crucial for targeting research and mitigation. Oceanic seabirds, particularly petrels, frequently ingest plastic, are highly threatened, and cover vast distances during foraging and migration. However, the spatial overlap between petrels and plastics is poorly understood. Here we combine marine plastic density estimates with individual movement data for 7137 birds of 77 petrel species to estimate relative exposure risk. We identify high exposure risk areas in the Mediterranean and Black seas, and the northeast Pacific, northwest Pacific, South Atlantic and southwest Indian oceans. Plastic exposure risk varies greatly among species and populations, and between breeding and non-breeding seasons. Exposure risk is disproportionately high for Threatened species. Outside the Mediterranean and Black seas, exposure risk is highest in the high seas and Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) of the USA, Japan, and the UK. Birds generally had higher plastic exposure risk outside the EEZ of the country where they breed. We identify conservation and research priorities, and highlight that international collaboration is key to addressing the impacts of marine plastic on wide-ranging species

Global assessment of marine plastic exposure risk for oceanic birds

Plastic pollution is distributed patchily around the world's oceans. Likewise, marine organisms that are vulnerable to plastic ingestion or entanglement have uneven distributions. Understanding where wildlife encounters plastic is crucial for targeting research and mitigation. Oceanic seabirds, particularly petrels, frequently ingest plastic, are highly threatened, and cover vast distances during foraging and migration. However, the spatial overlap between petrels and plastics is poorly understood. Here we combine marine plastic density estimates with individual movement data for 7137 birds of 77 petrel species to estimate relative exposure risk. We identify high exposure risk areas in the Mediterranean and Black seas, and the northeast Pacific, northwest Pacific, South Atlantic and southwest Indian oceans. Plastic exposure risk varies greatly among species and populations, and between breeding and non-breeding seasons. Exposure risk is disproportionately high for Threatened species. Outside the Mediterranean and Black seas, exposure risk is highest in the high seas and Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) of the USA, Japan, and the UK. Birds generally had higher plastic exposure risk outside the EEZ of the country where they breed. We identify conservation and research priorities, and highlight that international collaboration is key to addressing the impacts of marine plastic on wide-ranging species.B.L.C., C.H., and A.M. were funded by the Cambridge Conservation Initiative’s Collaborative Fund sponsored by the Prince Albert II of Monaco Foundation. E.J.P. was supported by the Natural Environment Research Council C-CLEAR doctoral training programme (Grant no. NE/S007164/1). We are grateful to all those who assisted with the collection and curation of tracking data. Further details are provided in the Supplementary Acknowledgements. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.Peer reviewe

Global assessment of marine plastic exposure risk for oceanic birds

Plastic pollution is distributed patchily around the world’s oceans. Likewise, marine organisms that are vulnerable to plastic ingestion or entanglement have uneven distributions. Understanding where wildlife encounters plastic is crucial for targeting research and mitigation. Oceanic seabirds, particularly petrels, frequently ingest plastic, are highly threatened, and cover vast distances during foraging and migration. However, the spatial overlap between petrels and plastics is poorly understood. Here we combine marine plastic density estimates with individual movement data for 7137 birds of 77 petrel species to estimate relative exposure risk. We identify high exposure risk areas in the Mediterranean and Black seas, and the northeast Pacific, northwest Pacific, South Atlantic and southwest Indian oceans. Plastic exposure risk varies greatly among species and populations, and between breeding and non-breeding seasons. Exposure risk is disproportionately high for Threatened species. Outside the Mediterranean and Black seas, exposure risk is highest in the high seas and Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) of the USA, Japan, and the UK. Birds generally had higher plastic exposure risk outside the EEZ of the country where they breed. We identify conservation and research priorities, and highlight that international collaboration is key to addressing the impacts of marine plastic on wide-ranging species

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

O ensino de língua portuguesa a partir do uso do livro didático: um olhar reflexivo sobre as atividades de compreensão e interpretação

Este artigo tem o objetivo de apresentar uma análise de atividades de compreensão e interpretação vinculadas a gêneros textuais, propostas em unidades de um determinado Livro Didático de Língua Portuguesa, com o intuito de verificar a forma como são abordadas no material. Busca-se identificar se as atividades de compreensão e interpretação abrem espaço para a interação entre falante e ouvinte ou se conduzem o processo de compreensão e interpretação apenas de modo mecânico, em que a língua é vista como um código, como um processo fechado. Dessa forma, parte-se de considerações acerca do processo de interação verbal e dos gêneros discursivos com referência a Bakhtin (1997, 2012), bem como considerações acerca do processo de leitura e de compreensão de textos, conforme os Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais de Língua Portuguesa. Além disso, para a referida análise, parte-se de três enfoques de leitura para a compreensão e interpretação de um texto, propostos por Naspolini (1996), a saber: enfoque conteudístico, enfoque estruturalista e enfoque discursivo. Partindo desses pressupostos teóricos, evidencia-se a presença de atividades de compreensão e interpretação centradas tanto no enfoque discursivo, característico do processo de interação verbal, como atividades centradas no enfoque conteudístico, em que a língua é vista como um código. Sendo assim, conclui-se que as atividades de compreensão e interpretação devem estar centradas no processo de interação verbal, uma vez que essa concepção possibilitará que o sujeito produza enunciados pensando sempre na compreensão e na resposta ativa do outro, pois é nessa relação que o conhecimento ocorre de fato.

“Contextualizando bem, que mal tem?”: a gramática como ferramenta de ensino de língua portuguesa

This work aims to present a teaching proposal based on the approach of contextualized grammar and linguistic analysis. In this sense, from the movement to reformulate Portuguese language teaching, which began in the 1980s, it became evident that reading and analysis must occur in a way that the text can be explored and that an interactive relationship can be constituted, emphasizing the use of language in real context. Thus, starting from a socio-interactionist theory, we seek to understand the explanation of a specific phenomenon, the contextualized grammar, developing activities that fit into this perspective.Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar uma proposta de ensino pautada na abordagem da gramática contextualizada e da análise linguística. Nesse sentido, a partir do movimento de reformulação do ensino de Língua Portuguesa, iniciado nos anos 1980, evidenciou-se que a leitura e a análise devem ocorrer de forma que se possa explorar o texto e que se consiga constituir uma relação interativa, salientando a utilização da língua em contexto real. Desse modo, partindo-se de uma teoria sociointeracionista, busca-se entender a explicação de um fenômeno específico, a gramática contextualizada, desenvolvendo atividades que se enquadrem nessa perspectiva