36 research outputs found
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Cas9+ conditionally-immortalized macrophages as a tool for bacterial pathogenesis and beyond.
Macrophages play critical roles in immunity, development, tissue repair, and cancer, but studies of their function have been hampered by poorly-differentiated tumor cell lines and genetically-intractable primary cells. Here we report a facile system for genome editing in non-transformed macrophages by differentiating ER-Hoxb8 myeloid progenitors from Cas9-expressing transgenic mice. These conditionally immortalized macrophages (CIMs) retain characteristics of primary macrophages derived from the bone marrow yet allow for easy genetic manipulation and a virtually unlimited supply of cells. We demonstrate the utility of this system for dissection of host genetics during intracellular bacterial infection using two important human pathogens: Listeria monocytogenes and Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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Evasion of autophagy mediated by Rickettsia surface protein OmpB is critical for virulence.
Rickettsia are obligate intracellular bacteria that evade antimicrobial autophagy in the host cell cytosol by unknown mechanisms. Other cytosolic pathogens block different steps of autophagy targeting, including the initial step of polyubiquitin-coat formation. One mechanism of evasion is to mobilize actin to the bacterial surface. Here, we show that actin mobilization is insufficient to block autophagy recognition of the pathogen Rickettsia parkeri. Instead, R. parkeri employs outer membrane protein B (OmpB) to block ubiquitylation of the bacterial surface proteins, including OmpA, and subsequent recognition by autophagy receptors. OmpB is also required for the formation of a capsule-like layer. Although OmpB is dispensable for bacterial growth in endothelial cells, it is essential for R. parkeri to block autophagy in macrophages and to colonize mice because of its ability to promote autophagy evasion in immune cells. Our results indicate that OmpB acts as a protective shield to obstruct autophagy recognition, thereby revealing a distinctive bacterial mechanism to evade antimicrobial autophagy
Franchissement des barrières épithéliales et endothéliales par le pathogène opportuniste Pseudomonas aeruginosa
P. aeruginosa is one of the main pathogens responsible for nosocomial infections. Acute infections by this bacterium are associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality, especially when bacteria disseminate in the bloodstream. In most situations, blood infection is the consequence of the crossing of two essential tissue barriers by P. aeruginosa: the epithelium for the mucosa and the endothelium for the blood vessel. Although these events are critical steps for systemic spread of bacteria, the mechanisms involved in the penetration of the pathogen in the organism are poorly understood. For the endothelium, we demonstrate that P. aeruginosa induces the cleavage of VE-cadherin, a protein of endothelial junctions, by the action of LasB, a protease secreted by the bacteria. VE-cadherin cleavage induces a loss of integrity of the endothelium, allowing bacterial access to the cellular basolateral domain. Once in this location, the Type 3 secretion system may inject toxins into the cell, triggering a major intoxication process. Crossing of the epithelial barrier involves a very different mechanism. Using real-time confocal microscopy, we show that P. aeruginosa uses a paracellular route to transmigrate, exploiting junctional weaknesses at sites of cell division and cell death. This transmigration process requires the coordinate actions of Type IV pili, the flagellum and toxins of the Type 3 secretion system.P. aeruginosa est l'un des principaux pathogènes responsables d'infections nosocomiales. Les infections aiguës à cette bactérie sont associées à une morbidité et une mortalité élevées, notamment lorsque ces bactéries envahissent le système sanguin. Dans la majorité des cas, ces infections du sang sont la conséquence du franchissement par P. aeruginosa de deux barrières tissulaires: l'épithélium pour les muqueuses et l'endothélium pour les vaisseaux. Bien que ces évènements soient des étapes cruciales de la dissémination systémique des bactéries, les mécanismes permettant la pénétration du pathogène dans l'organisme sont à ce jour mal compris. Pour l'endothélium, nous démontrons que P. aeruginosa induit le clivage de la VE-cadhérine, une protéine des jonctions intercellulaires, par l'action de la protéase LasB sécrétée par les bactéries. Le clivage de la VE-cadhérine entraîne une perte d'intégrité de l'endothélium, permettant aux bactéries d'accéder au domaine basolatéral des cellules. Les toxines du Système de Sécrétion de Type 3 peuvent être alors injectées dans la cellule, provoquant une intoxication cellulaire majeure. Le franchissement de la barrière épithéliale s'opère par un mécanisme très différent. Par microscopie confocale en temps réel, nous montrons que P. aeruginosa transmigre par une voie paracellulaire, en exploitant des faiblesses jonctionnelles aux sites de divisions et de morts cellulaires. Ce processus de transmigration requiert l'action coordonnée des pili de Type IV, du flagelle et de toxines du Système de Sécrétion de Type 3
Crossing of the epithelial and endothelial barriers by the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa
P. aeruginosa est l'un des principaux pathogènes responsables d'infections nosocomiales. Les infections aiguës à cette bactérie sont associées à une morbidité et une mortalité élevées, notamment lorsque ces bactéries envahissent le système sanguin. Dans la majorité des cas, ces infections du sang sont la conséquence du franchissement par P. aeruginosa de deux barrières tissulaires: l'épithélium pour les muqueuses et l'endothélium pour les vaisseaux. Bien que ces évènements soient des étapes cruciales de la dissémination systémique des bactéries, les mécanismes permettant la pénétration du pathogène dans l'organisme sont à ce jour mal compris. Pour l'endothélium, nous démontrons que P. aeruginosa induit le clivage de la VE-cadhérine, une protéine des jonctions intercellulaires, par l'action de la protéase LasB sécrétée par les bactéries. Le clivage de la VE-cadhérine entraîne une perte d'intégrité de l'endothélium, permettant aux bactéries d'accéder au domaine basolatéral des cellules. Les toxines du Système de Sécrétion de Type 3 peuvent être alors injectées dans la cellule, provoquant une intoxication cellulaire majeure. Le franchissement de la barrière épithéliale s'opère par un mécanisme très différent. Par microscopie confocale en temps réel, nous montrons que P. aeruginosa transmigre par une voie paracellulaire, en exploitant des faiblesses jonctionnelles aux sites de divisions et de morts cellulaires. Ce processus de transmigration requiert l'action coordonnée des pili de Type IV, du flagelle et de toxines du Système de Sécrétion de Type 3.P. aeruginosa is one of the main pathogens responsible for nosocomial infections. Acute infections by this bacterium are associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality, especially when bacteria disseminate in the bloodstream. In most situations, blood infection is the consequence of the crossing of two essential tissue barriers by P. aeruginosa: the epithelium for the mucosa and the endothelium for the blood vessel. Although these events are critical steps for systemic spread of bacteria, the mechanisms involved in the penetration of the pathogen in the organism are poorly understood. For the endothelium, we demonstrate that P. aeruginosa induces the cleavage of VE-cadherin, a protein of endothelial junctions, by the action of LasB, a protease secreted by the bacteria. VE-cadherin cleavage induces a loss of integrity of the endothelium, allowing bacterial access to the cellular basolateral domain. Once in this location, the Type 3 secretion system may inject toxins into the cell, triggering a major intoxication process. Crossing of the epithelial barrier involves a very different mechanism. Using real-time confocal microscopy, we show that P. aeruginosa uses a paracellular route to transmigrate, exploiting junctional weaknesses at sites of cell division and cell death. This transmigration process requires the coordinate actions of Type IV pili, the flagellum and toxins of the Type 3 secretion system
Franchissement des barrières épithéliales et endothéliales par le pathogène opportuniste Pseudomonas aeruginosa
P. aeruginosa is one of the main pathogens responsible for nosocomial infections. Acute infections by this bacterium are associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality, especially when bacteria disseminate in the bloodstream. In most situations, blood infection is the consequence of the crossing of two essential tissue barriers by P. aeruginosa: the epithelium for the mucosa and the endothelium for the blood vessel. Although these events are critical steps for systemic spread of bacteria, the mechanisms involved in the penetration of the pathogen in the organism are poorly understood. For the endothelium, we demonstrate that P. aeruginosa induces the cleavage of VE-cadherin, a protein of endothelial junctions, by the action of LasB, a protease secreted by the bacteria. VE-cadherin cleavage induces a loss of integrity of the endothelium, allowing bacterial access to the cellular basolateral domain. Once in this location, the Type 3 secretion system may inject toxins into the cell, triggering a major intoxication process. Crossing of the epithelial barrier involves a very different mechanism. Using real-time confocal microscopy, we show that P. aeruginosa uses a paracellular route to transmigrate, exploiting junctional weaknesses at sites of cell division and cell death. This transmigration process requires the coordinate actions of Type IV pili, the flagellum and toxins of the Type 3 secretion system.P. aeruginosa est l'un des principaux pathogènes responsables d'infections nosocomiales. Les infections aiguës à cette bactérie sont associées à une morbidité et une mortalité élevées, notamment lorsque ces bactéries envahissent le système sanguin. Dans la majorité des cas, ces infections du sang sont la conséquence du franchissement par P. aeruginosa de deux barrières tissulaires: l'épithélium pour les muqueuses et l'endothélium pour les vaisseaux. Bien que ces évènements soient des étapes cruciales de la dissémination systémique des bactéries, les mécanismes permettant la pénétration du pathogène dans l'organisme sont à ce jour mal compris. Pour l'endothélium, nous démontrons que P. aeruginosa induit le clivage de la VE-cadhérine, une protéine des jonctions intercellulaires, par l'action de la protéase LasB sécrétée par les bactéries. Le clivage de la VE-cadhérine entraîne une perte d'intégrité de l'endothélium, permettant aux bactéries d'accéder au domaine basolatéral des cellules. Les toxines du Système de Sécrétion de Type 3 peuvent être alors injectées dans la cellule, provoquant une intoxication cellulaire majeure. Le franchissement de la barrière épithéliale s'opère par un mécanisme très différent. Par microscopie confocale en temps réel, nous montrons que P. aeruginosa transmigre par une voie paracellulaire, en exploitant des faiblesses jonctionnelles aux sites de divisions et de morts cellulaires. Ce processus de transmigration requiert l'action coordonnée des pili de Type IV, du flagelle et de toxines du Système de Sécrétion de Type 3
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Takes a Multi-Target Approach to Achieve Junction Breach
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Corrigendum: Pseudomonas aeruginosa Takes a Multi-Target Approach to Achieve Junction Breach
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa Transmigrates at Epithelial Cell-Cell Junctions, Exploiting Sites of Cell Division and Senescent Cell Extrusion
International audienceTo achieve systemic infection, bacterial pathogens must overcome the critical and challenging step of transmigration across epithelial barriers. This is particularly true for opportunistic pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an agent which causes nosocomial infections. Despite extensive study, details on the mechanisms used by this bacterium to transmigrate across epithelial tissues, as well as the entry sites it uses, remain speculative. Here, using real-time microscopy and a model epithelial barrier, we show that P. aeruginosa employs a paracellular transmigration route, taking advantage of altered cell-cell junctions at sites of cell division or when senescent cells are expelled from the cell layer. Once a bacterium transmigrates, it is followed by a cohort of bacteria using the same entry point. The basal compartment is then invaded radially from the initial penetration site. Effective transmigration and propagation require type 4 pili, the type 3 secretion system (T3SS) and a flagellum, although flagellum-deficient bacteria can occasionally invade the basal compartment from wounded areas. In the basal compartment, the bacteria inject the T3SS toxins into host cells, disrupting the cytoskeleton and focal contacts to allow their progression under the cells. Thus, P. aeruginosa exploits intrinsic host cell processes to breach the epithelium and invade the subcellular compartment
VE-cadherin cleavage by LasB protease from Pseudomonas aeruginosa facilitates type III secretion system toxicity in endothelial cells
International audienceInfection of the vascular system by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) occurs during bacterial dissemination in the body or in blood-borne infections. Type 3 secretion system (T3SS) toxins from Pa induce a massive retraction when injected into endothelial cells. Here, we addressed the role of type 2 secretion system (T2SS) effectors in this process. Mutants with an inactive T2SS were much less effective than wild-type strains at inducing cell retraction. Furthermore, secretomes from wild-types were sufficient to trigger cell-cell junction opening when applied to cells, while T2SS-inactivated mutants had minimal activity. Intoxication was associated with decreased levels of vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin, a homophilic adhesive protein located at endothelial cell-cell junctions. During the process, the protein was cleaved in the middle of its extracellular domain (positions 335 and 349). VE-cadherin attrition was T3SS-independent but T2SS-dependent. Interestingly, the epithelial (E)-cadherin was unaffected by T2SS effectors, indicating that this mechanism is specific to endothelial cells. We showed that one of the T2SS effectors, the protease LasB, directly affected VE-cadherin proteolysis, hence promoting cell-cell junction disruption. Furthermore, mouse infection with Pa to induce acute pneumonia lead to significant decreases in lung VE-cadherin levels, whereas the decrease was minimal with T2SS-inactivated or LasB-deleted mutant strains. We conclude that the T2SS plays a pivotal role during Pa infection of the vascular system by breaching the endothelial barrier, and propose a model in which the T2SS and the T3SS cooperate to intoxicate endothelial cells
Host cell surfaces induce a Type IV pili-dependent alteration of bacterial swimming
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