A Crucial Event in the Development of the Rules of Socioanalysis: The Printing Shop Intervention

According to the authors, clinical intervention cannot be properly conducted without an appropriate technical tool. Socioanalysis has been founded on the need for clinical intervention: the satisfactory integration of diagnosis, change and evaluation. The present article returns to an early case of intervention (1958), where the elements of this integration in Socioanalysis were technically marked out for the first time. This occured in two stages. A round of interviews, completed by a survey questionnaire, was conducted at a printing shop. The results were made available and discussed with the participants. A co-investigation was undertaken by the members of the shop and the intervention team, which involved use of a socioanalytic technique still in the process of development. During this work, the members of the shop gradually worked out their own diagnosis, which had the effect of modifying their perceptions of each other, of identifying the stakes of interdependence, and of imagining new ways of managing their shop. The recognition of this capacity of self-diagnosis, taking into account the conditions of its emergence and efficacy, led the authors to focus their efforts on the construction of an integrated tool of investigation and intervention. The consequences of adopting this method are analyzed here. Some features of the subsequent development of the socioanalytic technique are also mentioned

Preliminary Experiments on Unsupervised Word Discovery in Mboshi

International audienceThe necessity to document thousands of endangered languages encourages the collaboration between linguists and computer scientists in order to provide the documentary linguistics community with the support of automatic processing tools. The French-German ANR-DFG project Breaking the Unwritten Language Barrier (BULB) aims at developing such tools for three mostly unwritten African languages of the Bantu family. For one of them, Mboshi, a language originating from the " Cu-vette " region of the Republic of Congo, we investigate unsuper-vised word discovery techniques from an unsegmented stream of phonemes. We compare different models and algorithms, both monolingual and bilingual, on a new corpus in Mboshi and French, and discuss various ways to represent the data with suitable granularity. An additional French-English corpus allows us to contrast the results obtained on Mboshi and to experiment with more data

Images and imagination : automated analysis of priming effects related to autism spectrum disorder and developmental language disorder

Different aspects of language processing have been shown to be sensitive to priming but the findings of studies examining priming effects in adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) have been inconclusive. We present a study analysing visual and implicit semantic priming in adolescents with ASD and DLD. Based on a dataset of fictional and script-like narratives, we evaluate how often and how extensively, content of two different priming sources is used by the participants. The first priming source was visual, consisting of images shown to the participants to assist them with their storytelling. The second priming source originated from commonsense knowledge, using crowdsourced data containing prototypical script elements. Our results show that individuals with ASD are less sensitive to both types of priming, but show typical usage of primed cues when they use them at all. In contrast, children with DLD show mostly average priming sensitivity, but exhibit an over-proportional use of the priming cues

Innovative technologies for under-resourced language documentation: The BULB Project

International audienceThe project Breaking the Unwritten Language Barrier (BULB), which brings together linguists and computer scientists, aims at supporting linguists in documenting unwritten languages. In order to achieve this we will develop tools tailored to the needs of documentary linguists by building upon technology and expertise from the area of natural language processing, most prominently automatic speech recognition and machine translation. As a development and test bed for this we have chosen three less-resourced African languages from the Bantu family: Basaa, Myene and Embosi. Work within the project is divided into three main steps: 1) Collection of a large corpus of speech (100h per language) at a reasonable cost. After initial recording, the data is re-spoken by a reference speaker to enhance the signal quality and orally translated into French. 2) Automatic transcription of the Bantu languages at phoneme level and the French translation at word level. The recognized Bantu phonemes and French words will then be automatically aligned. 3) Tool development. In close cooperation and discussion with the linguists, the speech and language technologists will design and implement tools that will support the linguists in their work, taking into account the linguists' needs and technology's capabilities. The data collection has begun for the three languages. For this we use standard mobile devices and a dedicated software—LIG-AIKUMA, which proposes a range of different speech collection modes (recording, respeaking, translation and elicitation). LIG-AIKUMA 's improved features include a smart generation and handling of speaker metadata as well as respeaking and parallel audio data mapping

Innovative technologies for under-resourced language documentation: The BULB Project

International audienceThe project Breaking the Unwritten Language Barrier (BULB), which brings together linguists and computer scientists, aims at supporting linguists in documenting unwritten languages. In order to achieve this we will develop tools tailored to the needs of documentary linguists by building upon technology and expertise from the area of natural language processing, most prominently automatic speech recognition and machine translation. As a development and test bed for this we have chosen three less-resourced African languages from the Bantu family: Basaa, Myene and Embosi. Work within the project is divided into three main steps: 1) Collection of a large corpus of speech (100h per language) at a reasonable cost. After initial recording, the data is re-spoken by a reference speaker to enhance the signal quality and orally translated into French. 2) Automatic transcription of the Bantu languages at phoneme level and the French translation at word level. The recognized Bantu phonemes and French words will then be automatically aligned. 3) Tool development. In close cooperation and discussion with the linguists, the speech and language technologists will design and implement tools that will support the linguists in their work, taking into account the linguists' needs and technology's capabilities. The data collection has begun for the three languages. For this we use standard mobile devices and a dedicated software—LIG-AIKUMA, which proposes a range of different speech collection modes (recording, respeaking, translation and elicitation). LIG-AIKUMA 's improved features include a smart generation and handling of speaker metadata as well as respeaking and parallel audio data mapping

Interaction Testing and Polygenic Risk Scoring to Estimate the Association of Common Genetic Variants with Treatment Resistance in Schizophrenia

Importance: About 20% to 30% of people with schizophrenia have psychotic symptoms that do not respond adequately to first-line antipsychotic treatment. This clinical presentation, chronic and highly disabling, is known as treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS). The causes of treatment resistance and their relationships with causes underlying schizophrenia are largely unknown. Adequately powered genetic studies of TRS are scarce because of the difficulty in collecting data from well-characterized TRS cohorts. Objective: To examine the genetic architecture of TRS through the reassessment of genetic data from schizophrenia studies and its validation in carefully ascertained clinical samples. Design, Setting, and Participants: Two case-control genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of schizophrenia were performed in which the case samples were defined as individuals with TRS (n = 10501) and individuals with non-TRS (n = 20325). The differences in effect sizes for allelic associations were then determined between both studies, the reasoning being such differences reflect treatment resistance instead of schizophrenia. Genotype data were retrieved from the CLOZUK and Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) schizophrenia studies. The output was validated using polygenic risk score (PRS) profiling of 2 independent schizophrenia cohorts with TRS and non-TRS: a prevalence sample with 817 individuals (Cardiff Cognition in Schizophrenia [CardiffCOGS]) and an incidence sample with 563 individuals (Genetics Workstream of the Schizophrenia Treatment Resistance and Therapeutic Advances [STRATA-G]). Main Outcomes and Measures: GWAS of treatment resistance in schizophrenia. The results of the GWAS were compared with complex polygenic traits through a genetic correlation approach and were used for PRS analysis on the independent validation cohorts using the same TRS definition. Results: The study included a total of 85490 participants (48635 [56.9%] male) in its GWAS stage and 1380 participants (859 [62.2%] male) in its PRS validation stage. Treatment resistance in schizophrenia emerged as a polygenic trait with detectable heritability (1% to 4%), and several traits related to intelligence and cognition were found to be genetically correlated with it (genetic correlation, 0.41-0.69). PRS analysis in the CardiffCOGS prevalence sample showed a positive association between TRS and a history of taking clozapine (r2 = 2.03%; P =.001), which was replicated in the STRATA-G incidence sample (r2 = 1.09%; P =.04). Conclusions and Relevance: In this GWAS, common genetic variants were differentially associated with TRS, and these associations may have been obscured through the amalgamation of large GWAS samples in previous studies of broadly defined schizophrenia. Findings of this study suggest the validity of meta-analytic approaches for studies on patient outcomes, including treatment resistance

Comprehensive Chirality

International audienceThe Rh-catalyzed asymmetric hydroformylation is an efficient catalytic reaction that produces chiral aldehydes from inexpensive feedstock (alkenes, syngas) in one step. The elucidation of the different steps of the catalytic cycle and the characterization of the resting state, simultaneously with the discovery of several types of ligands, enable that nowadays, a variety of chiral products are available and this process is now considered a useful tool in organic synthesis. Asymmetric hydroaminomethylation is a one-pot tandem reaction involving hydroformylation and reductive amination leading to chiral amines. The most relevant results concerning these reactions are depicted in this book chapter

Fully Soot sheet characterization in a Vertical Wall-Flame by Laser Induced Incandescence (LII) Fully Soot sheet characterization in a Vertical Wall-Flame by Laser Induced Incandescence (LII)

International audienceThe aim of this work is to investigate the 2D slices though 3D soot-sheet into a turbulent non-premixed vertical-wall flame by using LII technique. Two studies are presented: A fully geometrical analysis and a velocity estimation of 2D soot-sheet. For the geometrical analysis, 2D spatially-resolved Laser Induced Incandescence (LII) has been performed. The surface, perimeter and major axis length of 2D soot-sheet have been determined. Evolution of soot-sheet dimensions within the height and the width in the flame are presented. It was found soot-sheet size and number increase within the height in the flame. For soot-sheet velocity, work is actually in progress about a new velocimetry methodology (Soot-Sheet Tracking Velocimetry). Principe, methodology and first results are presented