სტრესი და უმუშევრობა ახალგაზრდებში

Introduction: Unemployment is one of the most important problems in any country in the world, which has a negative impact on human health. Most of the unemployed population are young people, which prevents their development in the first place. The purpose of the study is to study stress related to unemployment among young people. Methodology: a focus group was conducted among unemployed youth aged 16-25 within the qualitative research. Results, Discussion: Stress has a significant impact on youth. Stress caused by unemployment among young people manifested itself in different ways: deterioration of health, mental problems. The research showed that family and close friends played a big role in helping the respondents overcome the problems related to unemployment.შესავალი: უმუშევრობა ერთ-ერთი ყველაზე მნიშვნელოვანი პრობლემაა მსოფლიოს ნებისმიერ ქვეყანაში, რომელიც უარყოფით გავლენას ახდენს ადამიანის ჯანმრთელობის მდგომარეობაზე. უმუშევარ მოსახლეობას შორის უმეტესობა არიან ახალგაზრდები, რაც პირველ რიგში მათ განვითარებას უშლის ხელს. კვლევის მიზანია ახალგაზრდებში უმუშევრობასთან დაკავშირებული სტრესის შესწავლა. მეთოდოლოგია: თვისებრივი კვლევის ფარგლებში ჩატარდა ფოკუს ჯგუფი 16-25 წლამდე უმუშევარ ახალგაზრდებში. შედეგები, დისკუსია: სტრესი მნიშვნელოვან გავლენას ახდენს ახალგაზრდებზე. უმუშევრობით გამოწვეული სტრესი ახალგაზრდებში სხვადასხვა ფორმით გამოიხატა: ჯანმრთელობის მდგომარეობის გაუარესება, ფსიქიკური პრობლემები. კვლევამ აჩვენა, რომ ოჯახმა და ახლო მეგობრებმა დიდი როლი ითამაშეს რესპონდენტებისათვის უმუშევრობასთან დაკავშირებული პრობლემების გადალახვაში

Antimony as a raw material in ancient metal and glass making: provenancing Georgian LBA metallic Sb by isotope analysis

Sb was frequently used as a raw material, both in ancient glass-making (as an opacifier and decolouriser) and metallurgy (either as an alloying element or as a pure metal). Despite this ubiquity, antimony production has only occasionally been studied and questions concerning its provenance are still not satisfactorily answered. This study evaluates the suitability of Sb isotope analysis for provenance determination purposes, as experiments under lab conditions have revealed fractionation occurring during redox processes in oxidising stibnites and in making opacified glasses. The results of this paper help to evaluate the possible influence of the pyrotechnological processes on the antimony isotope composition of glass artefacts. This paper focuses on the Caucasus as case study by applying mineralogical, geochemical and isotopic analysis to Georgian ores (mainly from the Racha-Lechkumi district) and Late Bronze Age (LBA; 15th–10th century BCE) metallic Sb objects found at the sites of Brili and Chalpiragorebi

The Georgian Caucasus and its resources: the exploitation of the Mount Chikiani uplands during the metal ages

Recent surveys around Mount Chikiani in the Georgian Caucasus have revealed intensive prehistoric exploitation of high-altitude obsidian resources, far beyond the scale previously documented

Hepatocyte-specific mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1 in sexual dimorphism and susceptibility to alcohol induced liver injury

BackgroundIt is well established that females are more susceptible to the toxic effects of alcohol, although the exact mechanisms are still poorly understood. Previous studies noted that alcohol reduces the expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1 (MKP1), a negative regulator of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) in the liver. However, the role of hepatocyte- specific MKP1 in the pathogenesis of alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) remains uncharacterized. This study aimed to evaluate the role of hepatocyte-specific MKP1 in the susceptibility and sexual dimorphism in alcohol-induced liver injury.MethodsC57Bl/6 mice were used in an intragastric ethanol feeding model of alcohol-associated steatohepatitis (ASH). Hepatocyte-specific Mkp1-/- knockout and (Mkp1+/+ “f/f” male and female mice were subjected to the NIAAA chronic plus binge model. Primary mouse hepatocytes were used for in vitro studies. Liver RNA sequencing was performed on an Illumina NextSeq 500. Liver injury was evaluated by plasma alanine transaminase (ALT), hepatic ER stress and inflammation markers. Statistical analysis was carried out using ANOVA and the unpaired Student’s t-test.ResultsASH was associated with the severe injury accompanied by increased endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and significant downregulation of Dusp1 mRNA expression. In vitro, ethanol treatment resulted in a time-dependent decrease in Dusp1 mRNA and protein expression in primary hepatocytes in both males and females; however, this effect was significantly more pronounced in hepatocytes from females. In vivo, female mice developed more liver injury in a chronic plus binge model which was accompanied by a significant decrease in liver Dusp1 mRNA expression. In comparison, liver Dusp1 was not changed in male mice, while they developed milder injury to alcohol. Mkp1 deletion in hepatocytes led to increased alcohol induced liver injury, ER stress and inflammation in both sexes.ConclusionHepatocyte Mkp1 plays a significant role in alcohol induced liver injury. Alcohol downregulates Mkp1 expression in hepatocytes in a sex dependent manner and could play a role in sexual dimorphism in increased female susceptibility to alcohol

Cilostazol Decreases Ethanol-Mediated TNFalpha Expression in RAW264.7 Murine Macrophage and in Liver from Binge Drinking Mice

Alcoholic hepatitis is a leading cause of liver failure in which the increased production of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) plays a critical role in progression of alcoholic liver disease. In the present study, we investigated the effects of cilostazol, a selective inhibitor of type III phosphodiesterase on ethanol-mediated TNFα production in vitro and in vivo, and the effect of cilostazol was compared with that of pentoxifylline, which is currently used in clinical trial. RAW264.7 murine macrophages were pretreated with ethanol in the presence or absence of cilostazol then, stimulated with lipopolysacchride (LPS). Cilostazol significantly suppressed the level of LPS-stimulated TNFα mRNA and protein with a similar degree to that by pentoxifylline. Cilostazol increased the basal AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity as well as normalized the decreased AMPK by LPS. AICAR, an AMPK activator and db-cAMP also significantly decreased TNFα production in RAW264.7 cells, but cilostazol did not affect the levels of intracellular cAMP and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The in vivo effect of cilostazol was examined using ethanol binge drinking (6 g/kg) mice model. TNFα mRNA and protein decreased in liver from ethanol gavaged mice compared to that from control mice. Pretreatment of mice with cilostazol or pentoxifylline further reduced the TNFα production in liver. These results demonstrated that cilostazol effectively decrease the ethanol-mediated TNFα production both in murine macrophage and in liver from binge drinking mice and AMPK may be responsible for the inhibition of TNFα production by cilostazol

Educational needs and preferences of young European clinicians and physician researchers working in the field of rheumatology

Funding Information: CB: Grant BE 5191/1-1 of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.Objectives: To understand the educational needs and preferences of young clinicians and physician researchers in the field of rheumatology in Europe. Methods: An international online survey was performed as a joint venture of ESCET and EMEUNET. The survey assessed the acceptance of and the access to the current European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) educational portfolio, as well as the unmet educational needs and learning preferences among individuals below the age of 40 years working in rheumatology in Europe. Results: Among 568 European clinicians and physician researchers, 65% indicated that the existing EULAR educational portfolio adequately covers their educational needs. Within the EULAR portfolio, the online course on rheumatic diseases and the postgraduate course were the most appreciated. Participants were very much in favour of new educational courses on imaging techniques, and 63% of participants indicated a particular interest in musculoskeletal ultrasound. A strong interest in refresher (60%) and general review (55%) courses was observed. Lack of funding was considered the major obstacle to participating in existing EULAR programmes. Finally, participants showed diverse preferences regarding learning modalities with common interests in live courses and conferences. Conclusions: EULAR's training opportunities are well appreciated among young clinicians and physician researchers in rheumatology. The results from this survey will help to develop EULAR's future educational portfolio.publishersversionPeer reviewe

Rheumatology training experience across Europe : Analysis of core competences

Publisher Copyright: © 2016 The Author(s). Copyright: Copyright 2019 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Background: The aim of this project was to analyze and compare the educational experience in rheumatology specialty training programs across European countries, with a focus on self-reported ability. Method: An electronic survey was designed to assess the training experience in terms of self-reported ability, existence of formal education, number of patients managed and assessments performed during rheumatology training in 21 core competences including managing specific diseases, generic competences and procedures. The target population consisted of rheumatology trainees and recently certified rheumatologists across Europe. The relationship between the country of training and the self-reported ability or training methods for each competence was analyzed through linear or logistic regression, as appropriate. Results: In total 1079 questionnaires from 41 countries were gathered. Self-reported ability was high for most competences, range 7.5-9.4 (0-10 scale) for clinical competences, 5.8-9.0 for technical procedures and 7.8-8.9 for generic competences. Competences with lower self-reported ability included managing patients with vasculitis, identifying crystals and performing an ultrasound. Between 53 and 91 % of the trainees received formal education and between 7 and 61 % of the trainees reported limited practical experience (managing ≤10 patients) in each competence. Evaluation of each competence was reported by 29-60 % of the respondents. In adjusted multivariable analysis, the country of training was associated with significant differences in self-reported ability for all individual competences. Conclusion: Even though self-reported ability is generally high, there are significant differences amongst European countries, including differences in the learning structure and assessment of competences. This suggests that educational outcomes may also differ. Efforts to promote European harmonization in rheumatology training should be encouraged and supported.publishersversionPeer reviewe

Crisis intensification of geoecological situation of the Caucasus Black Sea coast and the strategy of risk reduction

AbstractThe segment of Caucasus Black Sea coast, which is geographically considered as a united geosystem placed in the areal of the segments of Greater and Lesser Caucasus, is one of the densely populated and utilized regions of our Planet, herewith, it is extremely complicated geoecologically and in very crisis situation. In this regard particularly special situation is created in view of development of elemental geological processes of large scale and frequency of its recurrence, which obtained particular character since the end of 20th century. Damaged area makes about 60% and the high risk zone – about 45%. Special geoecological situation created in the Caucasus Black Sea coast needs particular nature use regime, complex approach of its target utilization and integrated management of geological environment, which foresees the identification of risks of geoecological hazards stipulated by natural and anthropogenic impact, elaboration of criteria of gaudiness of geological environment and working out of regional scheme of minimization of risk of natural hazards. Solution of these key problems will be able by statement of several conceptual issues, such as: identification of background situation of present geological environment, degree of damage of the area by elemental-hazard events and their risk; Regarding interrelation of homogenous geological environment and modification regulations: revealing of the character, scales and distribution areals of modification of geological environment destroyed by anthropogenic stresses, statement of criteria of possibility of human stress proceeding from sensitivity of geological environment and ranging the area according to the possible geological complications from “normal” up to “crisis” situation; working out of regional scheme of integrated management of area and recovery of geological situation

Enhanced PDE4B expression augments LPS-inducible TNF expression in ethanol-primed monocytes: relevance to alcoholic liver disease

Increased plasma and hepatic TNF-α expression is well documented in patients with alcoholic hepatitis and is implicated in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease. We have previously shown that monocytes from patients with alcoholic hepatitis show increased constitutive and LPS-induced NF-κB activation and TNF-α production. Our recent studies showed that chronic ethanol exposure significantly decreased cellular cAMP levels in both LPS-stimulated and unstimulated monocytes and Kupffer cells, leading to an increase in LPS-inducible TNF-α production by affecting NF-κB activation and induction of TNF mRNA expression. Accordingly, the mechanisms underlying this ethanol-induced decrease in cellular cAMP leading to an increase in TNF expression were examined in monocytes/macrophages. In this study, chronic ethanol exposure was observed to significantly increase LPS-inducible expression of cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE)4B that degrades cellular cAMP. Increased PDE4B expression was associated with enhanced NF-κB activation and transcriptional activity and subsequent priming of monocytes/macrophages leading to enhanced LPS-inducible TNF-α production. Selective inhibition of PDE4 by rolipram abrogated LPS-mediated TNF-α expression at both protein and mRNA levels in control and ethanol-treated cells. Notably, PDE4 inhibition did not affect LPS-inducible NF-κB activation but significantly decreased NF-κB transcriptional activity. These findings strongly support the pathogenic role of PDE4B in the ethanol-mediated priming of monocytes/macrophages and increased LPS-inducible TNF production and the subsequent development of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Since enhanced TNF expression plays a significant role in the evolution of clinical and experimental ALD, its downregulation via selective PDE4B inhibitors could constitute a novel therapeutic approach in the treatment of ALD