Water to the swamp? Irrigation and patterns of accumulation and agrarian change in Bangladesh

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Karieszuwachs bei Vorschulkindern; Korrelation zu verschiedenen Ernährungs -und Prophylaxeparametern

Die vorliegende longitudinale Studie wurde von 2006/ 2007 bis 2009 in den Landkreisen Waldeck-Frankenberg und Marburg-Biedenkopf durchgeführt. Die Kinder wurden in ihren Kindergärten mit der Form der zahnmedizinischen Prophylaxe betreut, die zurzeit in den genannten Landkreisen üblich ist. Dazu gehören gelegentliche Zahnputzunterweisungen, durch die Kindergärtnerinnen überwachte Zahnpflege und die Versorgung mit Fluoridzahnpasten. Im Jahre 2006/ 2007 wurden die zu dem Zeitpunkt 2- bis 4-Jährigen Kinder aus den Landkreisen kariesepidemiologisch befundet. Zur Bestimmung des Kariesinkrements bei jedem einzelnen Probanden wurde 2009 eine zweite Untersuchung durchgeführt. Es konnten insgesamt für 826 Kinder Anfangsbefunde (aufgenommen im Jahr 2006/ 2007) sowie Endbefunde (aufgenommen im Jahr 2009) erhoben werden. Aus den erhobenen Daten wurden kariesepidemiologische Parameter wie dmf-t- und dmf-s Werte und das Kariesinkrement errechnet. Für die Ermittlung der unabhängigen Variablen wurde zusätzlich ein ausgefüllter Fragebogen aus dem Jahr 2009 benötigt, welcher von 566 Kindern vorlag. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass bei 395 Kindern, das entspricht 69,8 % der untersuchten Population kein Kariesinkrement zu beobachten war. 171 Kinder (30,2 %) hatten jedoch einen Karieszuwachs von 1 bis 10 dmf-t. Im Durchschnitt betrug der mittlere dmf-t Inkrementwert 0,75. Die bivariate Analyse, mit der der Einfluss unterschiedlicher Variablen auf die Zielgröße „dmf-t“ untersucht wurde, ergab für folgende Variable einen negativen Einfluss auf die Zahngesundheit: • Hoher Zuckerscore als Maß für ungünstige Ernährungsgewohnheiten. Folgende Variablen hingegen zeigten einen positiven Einfluss auf die Zahn-gesundheit: • Früher Beginn der Zahnpflege (im 1. Lebensjahr), • Verwendung einer Kinderzahnpaste, • Mindestens 1mal tägliches Zähneputzen. In unserer Studie konnte eine deutliche Abhängigkeit des Kariesvorkommens von der sozialen Schicht festgestellt werden. Mit Hilfe der schrittweisen, multiplen Regressionsanalyse („stepwise backward logistic regression analysis“) konnten statistisch signifikante Einflüsse von Ernährungsgewohnheiten (RK= 0,033; p=0,028) und der sozialen Schichtzugehörig-keit (RK= -0,096; p=0,004) nachgewiesen werden. Die zunehmende Polarisation macht eine weitere Reduktion des Kariesbefalls mit den herkömmlichen Methoden der Gruppenprophylaxe zunehmend schwieriger. Die in der vorliegenden Studie ermittelten Ergebnisse verdeutlichen, dass vor allem Kinder aus sozial schwachen Familien nicht adäquat von den herkömmlichen kariespräventiven Maßnahmen profitieren. Es bedarf weiterer Studien, um mehr Verständnis für die verschiedenen Risikofaktoren der Frühkindlichen Karies zu erlangen, sowie weiterer Anstrengungen im gruppen- und individualprophylaktischen Bereich, um dauerhafte Erfolge vorweisen zu können

Fostering global science networks in a Post-COVID-19 world

To restrict the spread of COVID-19 disease, regional and national governments have implemented a range of communitybased measures. Physical distancing has closed offices and laboratories, canceled fieldwork and research cruises, and led to scientific productivity declines, notably of female scientists (Staniscuaski et al., 2020; Viglione, 2020; Vincent-Lamarr et al., 2020.) The cessation of international travel was an early measure that looks like it may be continuing for some time.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Can greening of aquaculture sequester blue carbon?

Globally, blue carbon (i.e., carbon in coastal and marine ecosystems) emissions have been seriously augmented due to the devastating effects of anthropogenic pressures on coastal ecosystems including mangrove swamps, salt marshes, and seagrass meadows. The greening of aquaculture, however, including an ecosystem approach to Integrated Aquaculture-Agriculture (IAA) and Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) could play a significant role in reversing this trend, enhancing coastal ecosystems, and sequestering blue carbon. Ponds within IAA farming systems sequester more carbon per unit area than conventional fish ponds, natural lakes, and inland seas. The translocation of shrimp culture from mangrove swamps to offshore IMTA could reduce mangrove loss, reverse blue carbon emissions, and in turn increase storage of blue carbon through restoration of mangroves. Moreover, offshore IMTA may create a barrier to trawl fishing which in turn could help restore seagrasses and further enhance blue carbon sequestration. Seaweed and shellfish culture within IMTA could also help to sequester more blue carbon. The greening of aquaculture could face several challenges that need to be addressed in order to realize substantial benefits from enhanced blue carbon sequestration and eventually contribute to global climate change mitigation

The global pandemic has shown we need an action plan for the ocean

The COVID-19 pandemic is the first serious test of how science can inform decision-making in the face of an immediate global threat, yielding important lessons on how science, society and policy interact. The global societal and economic impact of COVID-19 has shown that we need to assess, plan and prepare for potential future changes. These insights are particularly important for the ocean science community because of the global connectivity of the ocean and its crucial role in the Earth's climate system and in supporting all life on Earth. With climate change already impacting society and ecosystems, implementing mitigation measures to avoid and reduce emissions of greenhouses gases is an immediate priority (IPCC, 2021). Irreversible changes are already underway in the oceans and their impacts over the coming decades will continue to affect human communities, requiring societal responses and adaptation across multiple scales (IPCC, 2019, 2021)

Single cell sequencing reveals endothelial plasticity with transient mesenchymal activation after myocardial infarction.

Endothelial cells play a critical role in the adaptation of tissues to injury. Tissue ischemia induced by infarction leads to profound changes in endothelial cell functions and can induce transition to a mesenchymal state. Here we explore the kinetics and individual cellular responses of endothelial cells after myocardial infarction by using single cell RNA sequencing. This study demonstrates a time dependent switch in endothelial cell proliferation and inflammation associated with transient changes in metabolic gene signatures. Trajectory analysis reveals that the majority of endothelial cells 3 to 7 days after myocardial infarction acquire a transient state, characterized by mesenchymal gene expression, which returns to baseline 14 days after injury. Lineage tracing, using the Cdh5-CreERT2;mT/mG mice followed by single cell RNA sequencing, confirms the transient mesenchymal transition and reveals additional hypoxic and inflammatory signatures of endothelial cells during early and late states after injury. These data suggest that endothelial cells undergo a transient mes-enchymal activation concomitant with a metabolic adaptation within the first days after myocardial infarction but do not acquire a long-term mesenchymal fate. This mesenchymal activation may facilitate endothelial cell migration and clonal expansion to regenerate the vascular network

IMBeR into the future Science Plan and Implementation Strategy 2016-2025

The Integrated Marine Biosphere Research (IMBeR) project, formerly the Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research (IMBER1) project, is a global environmental change research initiative. Since its start in 2005, IMBeR has advanced understanding about potential marine environmental effects of global change, and the impacts and linkages to human systems at multiple scales. It is apparent that complex environmental issues and associated societal/sustainability choices operate at and across the interfaces of natural and social sciences and the humanities, and require both basic, curiosity-driven research and problem-driven, policy-relevant research. Collaborative, disciplinary, interdisciplinary, transdisciplinary and integrated research that addresses key ocean science issues generated by and/or impacting society is required to provide evidence-based knowledge and guidance, along with options for policy-makers, managers and marine-related communities, to help achieve sustainability of the marine realm under global change. This recognition underlies a new vision, “Ocean sustainability under global change for the benefit of society”, to guide IMBeR research for the next decade (2016-2025). This vision recognises that the evolution of marine ecosystems (including biogeochemical cycles and human systems) is linked to natural and anthropogenic drivers and stressors, as articulated in the new IMBeR research goal to, “Understand, quantify and compare historic and present structure and functioning of linked ocean and human systems to predict and project changes including developing scenarios and options for securing or transitioning towards ocean sustainability”. To implement its new vision and goal in the next decade, IMBeR’s mission is to, “Promote integrated marine research and enable capabilities for developing and implementing ocean sustainability options within and across the natural and social sciences, and communicate relevant information and knowledge needed by society to secure sustainable, productive and healthy oceans”. This Science Plan and Implementation Strategy provides a 10-year (2016-2025) marine research agenda for IMBeR. It is developed around three Grand Challenges (GC, see Graphical Executive Summary) focusing on climate variability, global change and drivers and stressors. The qualitative and quantitative understanding of historic and present ocean variability and change (Grand Challenge I) are the basis for scenarios, projections and predictions of the future (Grand Challenge II). These are linked in Grand Challenge III to understand how humans are causing the variability and changes, and how they, in turn, are impacted by these changes, including feedbacks between the human and ocean systems. Priority research areas with overarching and specific research questions are identified for each Grand Challenge. The Grand Challenges are supplemented with Innovation Challenges (IC, see graphical executive summary) that focus on new topics for IMBeR where research is needed and where it is believed that major achievements can be made within three to five years. The Innovation Challenges also provide a means for IMBeR to adjust its focus as major science discoveries are made and new priorities arise, especially regarding scientific innovations

Marine resource management and conservation in the Anthropocene

Because the Anthropocene by definition is an epoch during which environmental change is largely anthropogenic and driven by social, economic, psychological and political forces, environmental social scientists can effectively analyse human behaviour and knowledge systems in this context. In this subject review, we summarize key ways in which the environmental social sciences can better inform fisheries management policy and practice and marine conservation in the Anthropocene. We argue that environmental social scientists are particularly well positioned to synergize research to fill the gaps between: (1) local behaviours/needs/worldviews and marine resource management and biological conservation concerns; and (2) large-scale drivers of planetary environmental change (globalization, affluence, technological change, etc.) and local cognitive, socioeconomic, cultural and historical processes that shape human behaviour in the marine environment. To illustrate this, we synthesize the roles of various environmental social science disciplines in better understanding the interaction between humans and tropical marine ecosystems in developing nations where issues arising from human–coastal interactions are particularly pronounced. We focus on: (1) the application of the environmental social sciences in marine resource management and conservation; (2) the development of ‘new’ socially equitable marine conservation; (3) repopulating the seascape; (4) incorporating multi-scale dynamics of marine social–ecological systems; and (5) envisioning the future of marine resource management and conservation for producing policies and projects for comprehensive and successful resource management and conservation in the Anthropocene