Universality of the Tearing Phase in Matrix Models

The spontaneous symmetry breaking associated to the tearing of a random surface, where large dynamical holes fill the surface, was recently analized obtaining a non-universal critical exponent on a border phase. Here the issue of universality is explained by an independent analysis. The one hole sector of the model is useful to manifest the origin of the (limited) non-universal behaviour, that is the existence of two inequivalent critical points.Comment: 9 pages, 1 figure non include

THE PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF IN-VITRO TISSUE DIGESTION AS A MEANS OF PRODUCING SPECIES-SPECIFIC LARVAL DIETS AND THE IMPACT OF DIETARY PROTEIN COMPOSITION ON GROWTH AND METABOLISM IN FRESHWATER FISH

The heavy reliance on live feeds is currently restricting the growth and sustainability of the aquaculture industry, therefore, the overall goal of this research was to improve the utilization of formulated dry diets at first feeding of larval fish. This was done with a specific focus on the production and provision of the optimal dietary protein form and composition. Chapter 2 aimed to provide an efficient protein source for larval fish by using same-species muscle and endogenous enzymes to produce hydrolysates and by providing a series of diets with increasing molecular weight protein fragments through larval development. Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides) (LMB) muscle was mixed with the digestive enzymes from adult LMB and hydrolyzed for 1.5, 3, and 6 h, respectively. Five diets were produced, an intact diet containing non-hydrolyzed muscle and four diets with 37% muscle hydrolysate inclusion. The molecular weight profile of those diets were formulated to vary based on the inclusion level of each hydrolysate. To account for gut development, one group of larval LMB was fed a weekly series of diets with an increasing molecular weight profile. The initial inclusion of the hydrolysates significantly improved the total length of the larval LMB; however, neither the hydrolysate inclusion nor the series of dietary molecular weight profiles improved the overall growth of larval LMB. The inclusion of hydrolysates significantly decreased the occurrence of skeletal deformities. The results from this study suggest that the inclusion of same-species hydrolysates can improve the initial growth of first-feeding LMB, but further research is necessary to determine the optimal molecular weight profile, hydrolysate inclusion level, and physical properties of feeds to improve the overall growth performance during the larval stage. Chapter 3 compared the effect of dietary inclusion of a fish muscle hydrolysate produced from species-specific muscle and enzymes to hydrolysates produced from those of a different species, in diets for larval Walleye (Sander vitreus). Four intact and hydrolyzed protein products were produced from each combination of Walleye muscle and endogenous enzymes, and muscle and endogenous enzymes from Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hydrolyzed products were continuously mixed for 3 h during the hydrolysis, (at 22oC and 28oC for Walleye and Tilapia enzymes, respectively), and the pH was adjusted throughout the process to mimic gastric and intestinal digestion conditions. Four diets were produced with the dietary protein supplied as a 50/50 ratio of the intact and hydrolyzed muscle from the respective muscle/enzyme combination. There was a significant interaction effect between muscle and enzyme source on the growth of larval Walleye. At the conclusion of the study, the larval Walleye that received the diet with muscle hydrolysate produced with Walleye muscle and Walleye endogenous enzymes had a significantly higher average weight than all other groups, and significantly higher postprandial levels of total free amino acids and indispensable amino acids in the muscle. Each hydrolysate-based diet led to a significant reduction in skeletal deformities and survival, compared to a group fed with a commercial diet. The results from this study suggest that species-specific muscle and enzymes produce a more optimal dietary protein source for larval fish than non-species-specific products, but further research should focus on improving the physical properties of the formulated diets to improve survival of fish larvae. Chapter 4 proposed a practical controlled hydrolysis method to utilize the endogenous enzymes within the fish body for the breakdown of tissues proteins, and to produce a species-specific meal that is tailored to the nutritional requirements and absorptive capacity of fish larvae. Four Zebrafish (Danio rerio) meals were produced from whole-body adult Zebrafish, three hydrolysates that were hydrolyzed for 1, 2, and 3 h, respectively, and an unhydrolyzed meal. From these meals, three diets were produced, each defined by their supply of dietary protein. The Unhydro diet was solely based on the unhydrolyzed Zebrafish meal. The 50% Hydro diet was based on 50% Zebrafish hydrolysate mix and 50% unhydrolyzed Zebrafish meal. The 100% Hydro diet was 100% based on the Zebrafish meal hydrolysate. The hydrolysate mix contained equal parts of the 1, 2, and 3 h hydrolysates. Proteomic analysis showed that the proposed hydrolysis method was able to efficiently hydrolyze the protein within Zebrafish body. The feeding trial found no significant differences in the final weight, total length, or survival between the Unhydro, 50% Hydro, and 100% Hydro groups, but the 50% Hydro group did express a significant upregulation of PepT1 at 24 h after feeding, compared to the Unhydro group. The growth results paired with PepT1 gene expression potentially indicate Zebrafish larvae to be adapted to dry feeds at first feeding and able to utilize dietary protein in different molecular forms efficiently for growth. Overall, the proposed hydrolysis method provides a practical and cost-effective approach to producing species-specific fishmeal hydrolysates. Further research is necessary to determine whether the produced hydrolysates can improve the growth of larval fish in other fish models. Further insight into behavioral and physiological responses in fish to imbalanced dietary amino acid profiles was provided in Chapter 5. The objective of this study was to determine how stomachless fish respond to diets deficient in the main limiting IDAA (lysine, methionine, and threonine), using Zebrafish as a model species. Six semi-purified diets were formulated for this study. The CG diet contained casein and gelatin as its only protein sources, while FAA50 diet had 50% of is dietary protein supplied with crystalline amino acids. Both were formulated to contain identical, balanced amino acid profiles. The remaining diets were supplied with the same amino acid mix as the FAA50 diet, but with minor adjustments to create deficiencies of the selected IDAA. The (-) Lys, (-) Met, and (-) Thr diets had lysine, methionine, and threonine withheld from the free amino acid (FAA) mix, respectively, and the Def diet was deficient in all three. The fish were fed to apparent satiation three times a day, and each feeding was carefully observed to ensure all feed added to the tanks was consumed. The results showed that although the singular deficiency of the three main limiting amino acids did not induce significant changes in feed intake, the combined deficiency of the three IDAA significantly increased the feed intake of juvenile Zebrafish. This increased feed intake prevented the IDAA deficiencies from significantly reducing growth, however, the feeding efficiency was also reduced. There was also an observed upregulation of neuropeptide Y (NPY), an orexigenic hormone, in the Def group, compared to the FAA50 group. The outcomes of this study provide insight into the behavioral and physiological response to dietary amino acid imbalances of stomachless fish and suggests stomachless fish increase their feed intake when challenged with IDAA-deficient diets, and that the regulation of NPY might play a role in this response. Chapter 6 assessed the postprandial FAA dynamics in the plasma, liver, and muscle of three species; 1) Largemouth Bass – warm-water, stomach-possessing carnivorous species; 2) Walleye – cool-water, stomach-possessing carnivorous species; and 3) Zebrafish– tropical, stomachless omnivorous species. Two diets were formulated for this study, a diet based on intact casein and gelatin (CG), and a diet with 50% of its protein supplied in FAA form (FAA50). Forty-two fish from each species were utilized, with one group of 21 receiving the CG diet, and the other 21 receiving the FAA50 diet. All fish were starved for 24 hours prior to the final feeding before sampling. Three fish were sampled at each time point, with three samples (plasma, liver, and muscle) taken from each fish. Samples were taken prior to feeding (0 h) and then at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 6, and 12 h after feeding, for all species. A significant three-way interaction was observed between the diet, species, and postprandial time on the total FAA, IDAA, and DAA levels in the plasma, liver, and muscle, indicating that the postprandial FAA patterns were significantly different between species and in response to the different diets. In stomach-possessing species, dietary amino acids from the FAA50 diet were absorbed more rapidly than those from the CG diet, resulting in fewer correlations with the dietary IDAA profiles. The absorption of FAA in cool-water Walleye was more gradual and prolonged than the warm-water LMB, leading to more significant correlations with the dietary IDAA and more sustained peaks. The postprandial peaks of FAA typically occurred at the same time in the stomachless Zebrafish fed with the CG or FAA50 diet. The levels of FAA were noticeably lower after feeding with the FAA50 diet in Zebrafish, compared to the CG diet. These results provide a reference for differences in the FAA dynamic patterns of three species with differing physiological characteristics, when fed diets with intact protein or supplemented with FAA. The findings presented in this dissertation provide support and novel methods for the production and inclusion of species-specific protein hydrolysates as an ideal protein source in formulated diets for first-feeding larval fish. This research contributes to the development of larval diets that can release the limitations of growth placed on the aquaculture industry by the reliance on live feeds, particularly within the hatchery sector. This research also provides further understanding of dietary protein utilization and delivers new fish nutrition knowledge that will benefit the aquaculture industry as a whole

Excitons in carbon nanotubes: an ab initio symmetry-based approach

The optical absorption spectrum of the carbon (4,2) nanotube is computed using an ab-initio many-body approach which takes into account excitonic effects. We develop a new method involving a local basis set which is symmetric with respect to the screw symmetry of the tube. Such a method has the advantages of scaling faster than plane-wave methods and allowing for a precise determination of the symmetry character of the single particle states, two-particle excitations, and selection rules. The binding energy of the lowest, optically active states is approximately 0.8 eV. The corresponding exciton wavefunctions are delocalized along the circumference of the tube and localized in the direction of the tube axis.Comment: 4 pages, 1 LaTex file + 4 eps figure

Ab-initio self-energy corrections in systems with metallic screening

The calculation of self-energy corrections to the electron bands of a metal requires the evaluation of the intraband contribution to the polarizability in the small-q limit. When neglected, as in standard GW codes for semiconductors and insulators, a spurious gap opens at the Fermi energy. Systematic methods to include intraband contributions to the polarizability exist, but require a computationally intensive Fermi-surface integration. We propose a numerically cheap and stable method, based on a fit of the power expansion of the polarizability in the small-q region. We test it on the homogeneous electron gas and on real metals such as sodium and aluminum.Comment: revtex, 14 pages including 5 eps figures v2: few fixe

Effects of organic additives on calcium hydroxide crystallisation during lime slaking

Organic compounds, often used in cement systems as admixtures, may affect the crystallisation and carbonation kinetics of Ca(OH)2, an important phase of hydrated cement. Here, we investigated changes in Ca(OH)2 morphology in the presence of 3 organic compounds, commonly encountered in cement and lime-based materials: sucrose, pectin and calcium lignosulfonate. The additives were introduced either before or after lime slaking to determine the influence of temperature. Ca(OH)2 crystals and supernatant solutions were characterised at time of slaking and after 6 months of ageing using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and optical emission spectroscopy. Our results indicate that the morphology of Ca(OH)2 crystals is modified by the characteristics of the organic molecules which promote formation of Ca(OH)2 with habits that can result in faster carbonation, an effect that is detrimental to cement used in reinforced concrete. These effects are enhanced when the additives are introduced before slaking, likely as a result of thermal degradation

Carbonation of Hydrous Materials at the Molecular Level: A Time of Flight-Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry, Raman and Density Functional Theory Study

Carbonation of hydrous minerals such as calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) is an important process in environmental and industrial applications for the construction industry, geological disposal repositories for nuclear waste, and green technologies for carbon capture. Although the role of ions during the carbonation mechanism of Ca(OH)2 is still unclear, we identified the exchange of ions during the dissolution and precipitation process, by determining the change in isotopic composition of carbonation products using time-of-flight-secondary ion mass spectrometry. Our samples of pure Ca(18OH)2 carbonated in air were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy, aided by density functional theory calculations. Our results show that the carbonation process at high pH is a two-stage mechanism. The first stage occurs in a short time after Ca(18OH)2 is exposed to air and involved the dissolution of surface Ca ions and hydroxyl 18OH groups, which reacts directly with dissolved CO2, leading to 1/3 of 18O in the oxygen content of carbonate phases. The second stage occurs within 24 h of exposure allowing a rebalance of the oxygen isotopic composition of the carbonate phases with a higher content of 16O

The Orion Region: Evidence of enhanced cosmic-ray density in a stellar wind forward shock interaction with a high density shell

Context. In recent years, an in-depth gamma-ray analysis of the Orion region has been carried out by the AGILE and Fermi-LAT (Large Area Telescope) teams with the aim of estimating the H2-CO conversion factor, XCO. The comparison of the data from both satellites with models of diffuse gamma-ray Galactic emission unveiled an excess at (l,b)=[213.9, -19.5], in a region at a short angular distance from the OB star k-Ori. Possible explanations of this excess are scattering of the so-called "dark gas", non-linearity in the H2-CO relation, or Cosmic-Ray (CR) energization at the k-Ori wind shock. Aims. Concerning this last hypothesis, we want to verify whether cosmic-ray acceleration or re-acceleration could be triggered at the k-Ori forward shock, which we suppose to be interacting with a star-forming shell detected in several wavebands and probably triggered by high energy particles. Methods. Starting from the AGILE spectrum of the detected gamma-ray excess, showed here for the first time, we developed a valid physical model for cosmic-ray energization, taking into account re-acceleration, acceleration, energy losses, and secondary electron contribution. Results. Despite the characteristic low velocity of an OB star forward shock during its "snowplow" expansion phase, we find that the Orion gamma-ray excess could be explained by re-acceleration of pre-existing cosmic rays in the interaction between the forward shock of k-Ori and the CO-detected, star-forming shell swept-up by the star expansion. According to our calculations, a possible contribution from freshly accelerated particles is sub-dominant with respect the re-acceleration contribution. However, a simple adiabatic compression of the shell could also explain the detected gamma-ray emission. Futher GeV and TeV observations of this region are highly recommended in order to correctly identify the real physical scenario.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures, accepted by A&

1α,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) induces NO-dependent endothelial cell proliferation and migration in a three-dimensional matrix.

Background/Aims: The 1α,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (Vit. D) induces eNOS dependent nitric oxide (NO) production in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). To our knowledge, there are no reports directly relating Vit. D induced NO production to proliferation and/or migration in endothelial cells (EC). The aim of this study was to evaluate whether Vit. D addition to porcine EC could affect their proliferation and/or migration in a three-dimensional matrix via NO production. Materials and Methods: Porcine aortic endothelial cells (PAE) were used to evaluate Vit. D effects on cell proliferation and migration in a three-dimensional matrix. Results: Vit. D induced NO production in PAE cells. Moreover, it induced a significant increase in cellular proliferation and migration in a three-dimensional matrix. These effects were NO dependent, as inhibiting eNOS activity by L-NAME PAE migration was abrogated. This effect was strictly related to MMP-2 expression and apparently dependent on Vit. D and NO production. Conclusions: Vit. D can promote both endothelial cells proliferation and migration in a three-dimensional matrix via NO-dependent mechanisms. These findings cast new light on the role of Vit. D in the angiogenic process, suggesting new applications for Vit. D in such fields as tissue repair and wound healing