A comparison of five surface mixed layer models with a year of observations in the North Atlantic

Five upper ocean mixed layer models driven by ERA-Interim surface forcing are compared with a year of hydrographic observations of the upper 1000 m, taken at the Porcupine Abyssal Plain observatory site using profiling gliders. All the models reproduce sea surface temperature (SST) fairly well, with annual mean warm biases of 0.11  ° C (PWP model), 0.24  ° C (GLS), 0.31  ° C (TKE), 0.91  ° C (KPP) and 0.36  ° C (OSMOSIS). The main exception is that the KPP model has summer SSTs which are higher than the observations by nearly 3 ° . Mixed layer salinity (MLS) is not reproduced well by the models and the biases are large enough to produce a non-trivial density bias in the Eastern North Atlantic Central Water which forms in this region in winter. All the models develop mixed layers which are too deep in winter, with average winter mixed layer depth (MLD) biases between 160 and 228 m. The high variability in winter MLD is reproduced more successfully by model estimates of the depth of active mixing and/or boundary layer depth than by model MLD based on water column properties. After the spring restratification event, biases in MLD are small and do not appear to be related to the preceding winter biases. There is a very clear relationship between MLD and local wind stress in all models and in the observations during spring and summer, with increased wind speeds leading to deepening mixed layers, but this relationship is not present during autumn and winter. We hypothesize that the deepening of the MLD in autumn is so strongly driven by the annual cycle in surface heat flux that the winds are less significant in the autumn. The surface heat flux drives a diurnal cycle in MLD and SST from March onwards, though this effect is much more significant in the models than in the observations. We are unable to identify one model as definitely better than the others. The only clear differences between the models are KPP’s inability to accurately reproduce summer SSTs, and the OSMOSIS model’s more accurate reproduction of MLS

Portal Vein Embolization is Associated with Reduced Liver Failure and Mortality in High-Risk Resections for Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma

Background: Preoperative portal vein embolization (PVE) is frequently used to improve future liver remnant volume (FLRV) and to reduce the risk of liver failure after major liver resection. Objective: This paper aimed to assess postoperative outcomes after PVE and resection for suspected perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (PHC) in an international, multicentric cohort. Methods: Patients undergoing resection for suspected PHC across 20 centers worldwide, from the year 2000, were included. Liver failure, biliary leakage, and hemorrhage were classified according to the respective International Study Group of Liver Surgery criteria. Using propensity scoring, two equal cohorts were generated using matching parameters, i.e. age, sex, American Society of Anesthesiologists classification, jaundice, type of biliary drainage, baseline FLRV, resection type, and portal vein resection. Results: A total of 1667 patients were treated for suspected PHC during the study period. In 298 patients who underwent preoperative PVE, the overall incidence of liver failure and 90-day mortality was 27% and 18%, respectively, as opposed to 14% and 12%, respectively, in patients without PVE (p < 0.001 and p = 0.005). After propensity score matching, 98 patients were enrolled in each cohort, resulting in similar baseline and operative characteristics. Liver failure was lower in the PVE group (8% vs. 36%, p < 0.001), as was biliary leakage (10% vs. 35%, p < 0.01), intra-abdominal abscesses (19% vs. 34%, p = 0.01), and 90-day mortality (7% vs. 18%, p = 0.03). Conclusion: PVE before major liver resection for PHC is associated with a lower incidence of liver failure, biliary leakage, abscess formation, and mortality. These results demonstrate the importance of PVE as an integral component in the surgical treatment of PHC

Long-range Angular Correlations On The Near And Away Side In P-pb Collisions At √snn=5.02 Tev

7191/Mar294

Working With Psychiatric Elderly In-patient: The Health Team Perceptions [o Idoso Internado: Percepcoes Da Equipe De Saude De Uma Unidade De Psiquiatria]

Brazil is the developing country in Latin America with the greater expected demographic increase in the elderly population. Till now elderly in- patients in the Psychiatric Ward have been relatively few. Anticipating an increment of this group, it was studied the permanent staff of one 18-bed psychiatric unit. Subjects were interviewed using open-ended questions. Questions were recorded and answers were analyzed on the basis of the phenomenological approach. Professionals that deal specifically with mental health perceive the work with elderly as being difficult, with a greater risk of patient descompensation. On the contrary, the nursing team finds the work with elderly less stressing than with younger patients, being their principal concern with their clinical physical condition. The nursing team also appreciates in the elderly their gratitude. In general, all members perceive a lack of training for dealing with elderly and some point out the lack of physical space for oriented leisure activities in the ward. Data suggest that the nursing staff perceives as easier to take care of elders because of their relative physical passivity and quietness, when compared with younger patients. Data point out the importance of the older patients in the social dynamics of the ward. Implications for the ward management of the mental health training and improvement in patient/worker relationship are discussed.174135140Almeida Filho, N., Santana, V.S., Pinho, A.R., Estudo epidemiológico dos transtornos mentais em uma população de idosos área urbana de Salvador BA (1984) J Bras Psiq, 33 (2), pp. 114-120Antonucci, T.C., Social Supports & Social Relationships (1990) Handbook of Aging &ampthe Social Science. 3rd Edition, , R. Binstock & L.K. George (ed.) Academic Press IncAustin, D.R., Attitudes toward old age: A hierarchical study (1985) The Gerontologist, 24 (4), pp. 431-434Berkman, L.E., Oxman, T.E., Seeman, T.E., Social Networks & Social Support among the Elderly: Assessment Issues (1992) The Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly, , R.B. Wallace & R.F. Woolson (ed.). New York, Oxford University PressBerquó, E.S., Motta Leite, V., Algumas considerações sobre a demografia da população idosa no Brasil (1988) Ciência e Cultura, 40 (7), pp. 679-688Born, T., A dignidade humana na terceira idade. Tempo e presença (1992) Publicação do CEDI, 264, pp. 5-7Butler, R.N., Ageism: A foreword (1980) Journal of Social Issues, 36 (2), pp. 8-11Chappell, N.L., Aging and Social Care (1990) Handbook of Aging and the Social Sciences, , Binstock & George (Ed.). EUA, Academic Press (3 ed.)Debert, G.G., Envelhecimento e representações da velhice (1988) Ciência Hoje, 8 (44), pp. 62-68Debert, G.G., Familia, classe social e etnicidade: Um balanço da bibliografia sobre a experiência de envelhecimento (1992) BIB, 33, pp. 33-49. , Rio de JaneiroDebert, G.G., Simões, J.A., A aposentadoria e a invenção da "terceira idade" Textos didáticos (1994) IFCH/UNICAMP, 1 (13), pp. 31-48Dill, A.E.P., The ethics of discharge planning for older adults: An ethnographic analysis (1995) Soc Sci Med, 41 (9), pp. 1289-1299Farath, L.M.G.A., Envelhecimento e inserção no mercado de trabalho (1990) São Paulo em Perspectiva, 4 (3-4), pp. 104-110George, L.K., Social Structure, Social Processes and Social-psychological States (1990) Handbook of Aging & the Social Science. 3 Ed. Edition, , R. Binstock & L.K. George (ed). Academic Press IncGonzalez, R., (1985) Factores Psicosociales. Hacia el Bienestar de los Ancianos, , OPS Publicación Científica N 492, Washington DC, OMSGiorgi, A., (1985) Phenomenology and Psychological Research, , Pittsburgh, PA, Duquese University PressGosselin, J.-Y., Humanism and psychiatry (1993) Can J Psychiatry, 38 (9), pp. 579-583Marín, L., Iguti, A.M., O processo de envelhecimento e o papel da família (1995) Cadernos de Pesquisa NEP, 1 (1-2), pp. 59-74Murphy, E., The prognosis of depression in old age (1983) Br J Psychiatry, 142, pp. 111-119Neri, A.L., (1991) Envelhecer num País de Jovens: Significados de Velho e Velhice Segundo Brasileiros Não-idosos Campinas, , SP, Editora UNICAMPNeri, A.L., Qualidade de Vida no Adulto Maduro: Interpretações Teóricas e Evidências de Pesquisa (1993) Qualidade de Vida e Idade Madura Campinas, , Neri, A.L. SP. PapirusPilisuk, M., Minkler, M., Supportive networks: Life ties for the elderly (1980) Journal of Social Issues, 36 (2), pp. 95-116(1990) Las Condiciones de Salud en las Américas. Salud del Adulto y del Anciano, , OPS Publicación Científica No 524, Washington DC, OMSRamos, L.R., (1986) Growing Old in São Paulo, Brazil: Assessment of Health Status and Social Support of Elderly People from Different Socioeconomic Strata Living in the Community, , Tese da London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineRamos, L.R., Veras, R.P., Kalache, A., Envelhecimento populacional: Uma realidade brasileira (1987) Revista de Saúde Pública, 21 (3), pp. 211-224Ramos, L.R., Santos, C.A., Rosa, T.E.C., Manzochi, L.H., Perfil dos Idosos Residentes na Comunidade no Município de São Paulo, segundo o Tipo de Domicílio: O Papel dos Domicílios Multigeracionais (1991) Fundação SEADE Informe Demográfico No 24, "A População Idosa e o Apoio Familiar", , São Paulo, SEADERodin, J., Langer, E., (1980) Journal of Social Issues, 36 (2), pp. 12-29. , A L: T D C & F SESantana, V.S., (1982) Escudo Epidemiológico das Doenças Mentais em um Bairro de Salvador Secretaria de Saúde do Estado da Bahia, , Série de Estudos em Saúde No 3Silverman, P., Family Life (1987) The Elderly As Modern Pioneers, , Silverman, P. (Ed). EUA. Indiana University PressStucchi, D., (1994) Os Programas de Preparação a Aposentadoria e o Remapeamento do Curso da Vida do Trabalhador, , Dissenação de Mestrado Apresentada ao Departamento de Antropologia do Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas da Universidade Estadual de CampinasTweed, D.L., Blazer, D.G., Ciarlo, J.A., Psychiatric Epidemiology in the Elderly Population (1992) The Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly, , R.B. Wallace & R.F. Woolson (ed) New York, Oxford University PressThompson, P., (1991) I Don't Feel Old: Subjective Aging and the Search for Meaning in Later Life, , IFCH/UFRJ, MimeoVeras, R.P., (1994) País Jovem com Cabelos Brancos. A Saúde do Idoso no Brasil, , Rio de Janeiro, Relume DumaráUERJ, 1994Health of the Elderly (1989) Technical Report Series 779, , Geneva: WHOWolff, G., Pathare, S., Craig, T., Leff, J., Community knowledge of mental illness and reaction to mentally ill people (1996) Br J Psychiatry, 168, pp. 191-198Yazaki, L.M., Melo, A.V., Ramos, L.R., Perspectivas Atuais do Papel da Família Frente ao Envelhecimento Populacional: Um Estudo de Caso (1991) Fundação SEADE - Informe Demogrãfico No 24 "A População Idosa e O Apoio Familiar"., , Sáo Paulo, SEAD

Ballistic performance of multi-layered fabric composite plates impacted by different 7.62 mm calibre projectiles

AbstractAt present, the use of refined numerical simulation is gaining more and more importance, especially in extreme load cases where large experimental test programmes are not feasible. A validated numerical methodology can be exploited to investigate critical behaviour as a “virtual test”. According to this premise, a numerical investigation is presented in this work to study the ballistic resistance of Kevlar29-Epoxy fabric plates subjected to impacts of small calibre projectiles, armour piercing (AP), ball type, and a blunt shaped projectile (BSP), all with a 7.62mm diameter. The numerical models were developed using the explicit finite element code LS - DYNA. The composite plate is 5mm thick, made up of 12 layers. The fabric is impregnated in Epoxy matrix, to guarantee both structural and ballistic resistance, and is a 2D plain-weave. The mechanical properties of the projectiles’ deformable materials were modelled by means of the Johnson-Cook plasticity model, which also includes the failure criterion. The composite plate is modelled using a mixed Macro-homogenous / Meso-heterogeneous approach. In particular, the area around the impact adopts the Meso-heterogeneous modelling, in which the woven yarns and the matrix are separate parts able to interact, to increase the efficiency of the numerical methodology, allowing the modelling of the friction between the yarns, the delamination and the fibre-matrix debonding. This method needs to assign separately the mechanical properties to the fabric and the matrix as well as the damage criteria for the yarns, the matrix and the delamination. In the Macro-homogenous approach, which models the remainder of the composite plate, the yarns and the matrix are considered as a unique homogenous mean, to which equivalent orthotropic mechanical properties of the impregnated fabric are assigned. The numerical investigation mainly focuses on the residual velocity of the impacting projectiles, identifying the ballistic limit of each couple projectile-target

Experimental tests and numerical modelling of ballistic impacts against Kevlar 29 plain-woven fabrics with an epoxy matrix: Macro-homogeneous and Meso-heterogeneous approaches

An investigation on the ballistic impact behaviour of tungsten blunt projectiles on Kevlar® 29 plain-woven fabrics with an epoxy matrix has been carried out for the purpose of gaining an insight in the phenomena at the level of the composite components. Numerical models have been developed and have then been compared with experimental results. The numerical models have been developed in LS-DYNA adopting two different approaches: a Macro-homogeneous model, in which each layer is modelled as an orthotropic equivalent, and a Meso-heterogeneous one, based on the definition of all the details of the fabric architecture in the area of impact of the projectile's tip (in this case, yarns and matrix have their own properties). In both models, the projectile is considered a rigid body. An in-depth analysis of the macro parameters, such as the residual velocities, their dependency upon the yaw impact angle and delamination has been performed. Also the stress state inside the layers and the morphological features of the damaged plates has been studied and interesting results regarding the behaviour of different layers of Kevlar® 29 plain-woven fabrics during impact have been obtained. Performances and the pros/cons of the different numerical approaches have also been discussed

Numerical modelling to reproduce fragmentation of a tungsten heavy alloy projectile impacting a ceramic tile: Adaptive solid mesh to the SPH technique and the cohesive law

This paper presents an innovative approach for 3D Lagrangian finite element modelling of the fragmentation of a blunt shaped projectile (BSP) made of a tungsten heavy alloy impacting against a ceramic Alumina tile. The aim of this work is to develop an alternative way of modelling the fragmentation of both the projectile and the ceramic tile, with respect to the classical approach of the deletion of the finite elements. In particular, the projectile is made of an assembly of pre-fragmented sub-parts, without the possibility of deletion of the finite elements, with a cohesive law that allows the separation of the sub-parts when the suitable failure criterion is met. The ceramic tile model adopts the transformation of the finite elements into SPH (smooth particle hydrodynamics) elements when the failure criterion is met. Both these approaches are adopted to conserve the mass and to avoid discontinuities of the contacts between the parts. The heat generation by plastic work and the rate dependent properties of the materials are reproduced in the analyses. The model is compared with experimental data from the literature, in particular validating its performance in predicting the residual velocity and the residual mass of the projectile; an analysis of the wave propagation and damage morphology has also been carried out

Development and use of a biological rhythm interview

INTRODUCTION: As several lines of evidence point to irregular biological rhythms in bipolar disorder, and its disruption may lead to new illness episodes, having an instrument that measures biological rhythms is critical. This report describes the validation of a new instrument, the Biological Rhythms Interview of Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (BRIAN), designed to assess biological rhythms in the clinical setting. METHODS: Eighty-one outpatients with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder and 79 control subjects matched for type of health service used, sex, age and educational level were consecutively recruited. After a pilot study, 18 items evaluating sleep, activities, social rhythm and eating pattern were probed for discriminant, content and construct validity, concurrent validity with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), internal consistency and test-retest reliability. RESULTS: A three-factor solution, termed sleep/social rhythm factor, activity factor and feeding factor, provided the best theoretical and most parsimonious account of the data; items essentially loaded in factors as theoretically intended, with the exception of the sleep and social scales, which formed a single factor. Test-retest reliability and internal consistency were excellent. Highly significant differences between the two groups were found for the whole scale and for each BRIAN factor. Total BRIAN scores were highly correlated with the global PSQI score. DISCUSSION: The BRIAN scale presents a consistent profile of validity and reliability. Its use may help clinicians to better assess their patients and researchers to improve the evaluation of the impact of novel therapies targeting biological rhythm pathways

Espessura da lâmina de cisalhamento na avaliação instrumental da textura da carne Shear blade thickness in the instrumental evaluation of meat texture

A padronização da textura é um dos principais problemas relacionados à qualidade da carne bovina. Por isso, a avaliação objetiva da maciez, por métodos mecânicos, vem sendo estudada há muitos anos. Para que a avaliação instrumental da textura seja uma ferramenta efetiva nos estudos envolvendo a maciez da carne, é necessário minimizar as causas de variação envolvidas na análise. Atualmente, a força de cisalhamento Warner-Bratzler é o método mais amplamente empregado para essa finalidade. O protocolo padrão dessa técnica analítica preconiza a utilização de uma lâmina de cisalhamento de 1,016mm de espessura. Neste trabalho, foram comparados dados de textura de carne bovina obtidos com a lâmina de cisalhamento padrão Warner-Bratzler, de 1,016mm de espessura, e uma lâmina mais grossa, de 3,05mm de espessura. Após o abate, amostras de músculo Longissimus dorsi, semelhantes em relação aos teores de umidade, lipídeos e proteínas, foram submetidas a duas diferentes temperaturas de resfriamento, atingindo diferentes velocidades de queda de temperatura e, consequentemente, diferentes graus de contração do tecido muscular, o que foi confirmado pela determinação do comprimento dos sarcômeros. Os resultados demonstraram uma maior sensibilidade da lâmina padrão Warner-Bratzler na detecção de variações da textura da carne, em função da velocidade de resfriamento.<br>Standardization of texture is one of the main problems related to beef quality. Because of that, objective evaluation of tenderness performed by mechanic methodologies has been studied for years. In order to count on instrumental texture evaluation as a valuable tool in meat tenderness studies, it is necessary to minimize the causes of variation that might be involved in the trial. Nowadays, Warner-Bratzler shear force is widely used for meat tenderness determination. The standard protocol of this methodology establishes the utilization of shear blade 1.016mm tick. The aim of this study was to compare beef texture data provided by Warner-Bratzler standard shear blade, 1.016mm thick, with those provided by a thicker one, 3.05mm thick. After slaughtering, Longissimus dorsi muscle samples with similar contents of moisture, lipids and proteins were subjected to two different cooling temperatures,reaching different rates of temperature drop and hence different muscle contraction extents, which were confirmed by the determination of sarcomere length. Results indicated the superior sensibility of the Warner-Bratzler standard shear blade to detect variations in meat texture due to cooling velocity