Fluorescent in situ hybridization and flow cytometry as tools to evaluate the treatments for the control of slime-forming enterobacteria in paper mills

Slime formation is a serious problem nowadays in the paper industry. Some enterobacteria are associated with the formation of slime deposits in paper and board mills. Detection and characterization of slime forming bacteria, belonging to the genus Enterobacter, Raoultella, and Klebsiella have been achieved by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), using one probe based on the enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence and other two rRNA targeted oligonucleotide probes. The effects of three kinds of antimicrobiological products (biocides, dispersants, and enzymes) on these enterobacterial cells were analyzed by flow cytometry (FC). Biocides Butrol 1009 and 1072 were the most effective microbiocides against all enterobacterial cells analyzed, reaching 90% of dead bacteria after 24 h. However, the enzymatic treatment (Buzyme) was not equally efficient on enterobacteria and its microbiocide capacity varied depending on the type of microorganism. FISH and FC were effective tools to detect important slime forming enterobacteria and to select specific treatments to control microbial problems in the paper industry

El Sistema Inmune Innato II: la primera respuesta frente a la infección

The settling of a disease in an animal is not only the consequence of the invasion by a pathogen, but also the immune state of the individual is decisive. The innate immunity is the first response of an animal to a foreign microorganism, trying to eliminate the infection or to contain it until a more specific and effective immune response develops, the adaptive immunity. The main components of the innate immunity are the physical, chemical and biological barriers, the phagocytic cells, certain lymphocytes and natural killer cells or NK, and soluble factors, including the components of the complement and the cytokines that participate in phagocytosis and inflammation. The innate immune response is non-specific, that is to say, it lacks immunological memory and it develops by non-specific mechanisms, unable to distinguish the antigenic differences of the different types of microorganisms. In fact, a general response exists to protect the body as a whole: the local inflammatory processes and the systemic “acute phase response”, coordinated by the cytokines secreted by macrophages, which create more suitable organic conditions to fight against the different pathogens. But, in addition to this generalized response to different foreign agents, a characteristic innate response for each type of pathogen (bacteria and their products, fungi, viruses, and parasites) is going to develop.El desencadenamiento de una enfermedad en un animal no se debe únicamente a la invasión de un agente patógeno, sino que el estado inmune del individuo es decisivo. La inmunidad innata es la primera respuesta de un animal frente a un microorganismo extraño, mediante la cual se intenta eliminar la infección o contenerla hasta la aparición de una respuesta inmune más específica y eficaz, la inmunidad adaptativa. Los principales componentes de la inmunidad innata son las barreras físicas, químicas y biológicas, las células fagocitarias, ciertos linfocitos y células asesinas naturales o NK (Natural Killer) y factores solubles, que incluyen los componentes del complemento y las citoquinas que median la fagocitosis y la inflamación. La respuesta inmune innata es inespecífica, es decir carece de memoria inmunológica y se desarrolla por mecanismos inespecíficos, incapaces de distinguir las diferencias antigénicas de los diferentes tipos de microorganismos. Además de los procesos inflamatorios de forma localizada, existe una respuesta general para proteger el cuerpo en su conjunto, la “respuesta de fase aguda”, coordinada por las citoquinas secretadas por macrófagos, con la que se crean las condiciones orgánicas más adecuadas para luchar contra los distintos patógenos. Pero, además de esta respuesta generalizada frente a diferentes agentes extraños, va a producirse una respuesta innata característica frente a cada tipo de patógeno (bacterias y sus productos, hongos, virus, y parásitos)

Occurrence of the Oribatid Mite Trhypochthoniellus longisetus longisetus (Acari: Trhypochthoniidae) on Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).

Mites as parasites infesting fish have been described in a few case reports involving Histiostoma anguillarum, H. papillata, and Schwiebea estradai. We describe the unexpected occurrence of oribatid mites of the genus Trhypochthoniellus on farmed tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. The fish had mites on the skin, fins, and gills, as well as in the mouth. The morphological characteristics of the mites, observed by optical and scanning electron microscopy, were consistent with those described for T. longisetus longisetus. All stages of development were observed, suggesting that the mites were able to actively reproduce on fis

Skin and subcutaneous mycoses in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) caused by fusarium oxyspoum in coinfection with Aeromonas hydrophila

Subcutaneous mycoses in freshwater fish are rare infections usually caused by oomycetes of the genus Saprolegnia and some filamentous fungi. To date, Fusarium infections in farmed fish have only been described in marine fish. Here, we report the presence of Fusarium oxysporum in subcutaneous lesions of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Histopathologic evaluation revealed granuloma formation with fungal structures, and the identity of the etiological agent was demonstrated by morphological and molecular analyses. Some of the animals died as a result of systemic coinfection with Aeromonashydrophila

Utilization of lactose and presence of the phospho-β-galactosidase (lacG) gene in Lactococcus garvieae isolates from different sources

This study evaluates the utilization of lactose (Lac) and the presence of the phospho-β-galactosidase (lacG) gene as markers for distinguishing between fish (Lac-/lacG-) and dairy isolates (Lac+/lacG+) of Lactococcus garvieae, using a panel of L. garvieae isolates from different sources. None of the fish isolates produced acid from lactose (Lac-), however Lac-/lacG- isolates were observed in pigs, cows, birds and humans. Most of the dairy isolates (77.8%) were Lac+/lacG+, but some dairy isolates did not produce acid from this sugar. Data in the present study show that the ability to metabolize lactose and the presence of the lacG gene are heterogeneously scattered among L. garvieae isolates of different sources. Therefore, the use of these criteria as markers to differentiate between L. garvieae isolates of dairy and fish origin should be considered with caution. [Int Microbiol 2010; 13(4):189-193

Early attention in prematury. A case study

ANTECEDENTES: autores como Martínez (2008) o Vericat y Orden en 2017 destacan un incremento importante de la prematuridad a nivel mundial y la importancia del inicio precoz en las unidades de cuidado intensivo neonatal. Se considera un problema de salud que es necesario investigar para conseguir una mayor atención, calidad y especialización de los servicios que intervienen con el bebé y su familia. DESCRIPCIÓN DEL CASO: presentamos un estudio de caso de prematuridad que acude a Servicio de Atención Temprana (AT) en Cáceres con el fin de mejorar las diferentes áreas de desarrollo deficitarias teniendo en cuenta la edad cronológica del usuario. OBJETIVO: describir el proceso de evaluación, intervención y seguimiento desde el Servicio de AT. MÉTODOS: se realiza un estudio durante 45 sesiones de 45 minutos bisemanales individuales para trabajar las alteraciones encontradas durante la evaluación del usuario mediante la Escala Brunet-Lézine. RESULTADOS: tras la intervención se observan mejoras en el área motora. CONCLUSIONES: los resultados señalan la importancia del desarrollo de un programa adaptado a las necesidades individuales del usuario, su familia y entorno para conseguir equilibrar la edad madurativa con la cronológica lo antes posible.BACKGROUND: within the scientific literature authors such as Martínez (2008) or Vericat and Orden in 2017 show a significant increase of prematurity at world level and the importance of early onset in neonatal intensive care units. That is why it is considered a health problem which proves necessary to keeping on research in order to get a better attention, quality and specialization of the services present in a baby’s development and their family. CASE DESCRIPTION: our research presents a study of a prematurity case of Early Attention Service in Cáceres attendance is presented. The aim for this attendance is to carry out a kind of intervention which allows them to improve the different development areas under what is considered normal, considering the chronological age of the attendee. OBJECTIVE: to describe the assessment, intervention and follow up process from the Early Attention Service. PROCEDURE: during 45 bi-weekly sessions of 45 minutes each a study is carried out. Throughout these individual sessions, the different deficit aspects found through the Brunet- Lézine Scale are worked through. RESULTS: after the intervention carried out by the stimulating subject improvements on the motor area is observed. CONCLUSIONS: results show the importance of a development of a program adapted to the user’s individual needs, their family and their environment in order to equilibrate the maturity age with the chronological one in the least time possible.peerReviewe

Global transcriptome analysis of Lactococcus garvieae strains in response to temperature

Lactococcus garvieae is an important fish and an opportunistic human pathogen. The genomic sequences of several L. garvieae strains have been recently published, opening the possibility of global studies on the biology of this pathogen. In this study, a whole genome DNA microarray of two strains of L. garvieae was designed and validated. This DNA microarray was used to investigate the effects of growth temperature (18°C and 37°C) on the transcriptome of two clinical strains of L. garvieae that were isolated from fish (Lg8831) and from a human case of septicemia (Lg21881). The transcriptome profiles evidenced a strain-specific response to temperature, which was more evident at 18°C. Among the most significant findings, Lg8831 was found to up-regulate at 18°C several genes encoding different cold-shock and cold-induced proteins involved in an efficient adaptive response of this strain to low-temperature conditions. Another relevant result was the description, for the first time, of respiratory metabolism in L. garvieae, whose gene expression regulation was temperature-dependent in Lg21881. This study provides new insights about how environmental factors such as temperature can affect L. garvieae gene expression. These data could improve our understanding of the regulatory networks and adaptive biology of this important pathogen

Analysis of the genome content of Lactococcus garvieae by genomic interspecies microarray hybridization

BACKGROUND: Lactococcus garvieae is a bacterial pathogen that affects different animal species in addition to humans. Despite the widespread distribution and emerging clinical significance of L. garvieae in both veterinary and human medicine, there is almost a complete lack of knowledge about the genetic content of this microorganism. In the present study, the genomic content of L. garvieae CECT 4531 was analysed using bioinformatics tools and microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) experiments. Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis IL1403 and Streptococcus pneumoniae TIGR4 were used as reference microorganisms. RESULTS: The combination and integration of in silico analyses and in vitro CGH experiments, performed in comparison with the reference microorganisms, allowed establishment of an inter-species hybridization framework with a detection threshold based on a sequence similarity of >or= 70%. With this threshold value, 267 genes were identified as having an analogue in L. garvieae, most of which (n = 258) have been documented for the first time in this pathogen. Most of the genes are related to ribosomal, sugar metabolism or energy conversion systems. Some of the identified genes, such as als and mycA, could be involved in the pathogenesis of L. garvieae infections. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we identified 267 genes that were potentially present in L. garvieae CECT 4531. Some of the identified genes could be involved in the pathogenesis of L. garvieae infections. These results provide the first insight into the genome content of L. garvieae.This work was supported partially by projects AGL2005-04775 and AGL2009-12447 of the Ministerio Español de Ciencia e Innovación. M. Aguado-Urda was a recipient of a grant from Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), and a PhD grant from the Universidad Complutense de Madrid. The work of Dr. López-Campos and Dr. Martín-Sanchez was partially funded by the COMBIOMED Network and ONTOMINEBASE reseach project (Ministerio Español de Ciencia e Innovación). The authors thank M.P. Gaya for providing the Lactococcus lactis subsp lactis IL1403 strain.S

Utilization of lactose and presence of the phospho-β-galactosidase (lacG) gene in Lactococcus garvieae isolates from different sources

This study evaluates the utilization of lactose (Lac) and the presence of the phospho-β-galactosidase (lacG) gene as markers for distinguishing between fish (Lac-/lacG-) and dairy isolates (Lac+/lacG+) of Lactococcus garvieae, using a panel of L. garvieae isolates from different sources. None of the fish isolates produced acid from lactose (Lac-), however Lac-/lacG- isolates were observed in pigs, cows, birds and humans. Most of the dairy isolates (77.8%) were Lac+/lacG+, but some dairy isolates did not produce acid from this sugar. Data in the present study show that the ability to metabolize lactose and the presence of the lacG gene are heterogeneously scattered among L. garvieae isolates of different sources. Therefore, the use of these criteria as markers to differentiate between L. garvieae isolates of dairy and fish origin should be considered with caution

Lactococcus garvieae: a small bacteria and a big data world

OBJECTIVE: To describe the importance of bioinformatics tools to analyze the big data yielded from new "omics" generation-methods, with the aim of unraveling the biology of the pathogen bacteria Lactococcus garvieae. METHODS: The paper provides the vision of the large volume of data generated from genome sequences, gene expression profiles by microarrays and other experimental methods that require biomedical informatics methods for management and analysis. RESULTS: The use of biomedical informatics methods improves the analysis of big data in order to obtain a comprehensive characterization and understanding of the biology of pathogenic organisms, such as L. garvieae. CONCLUSIONS: The "Big Data" concepts of high volume, veracity and variety are nowadays part of the research in microbiology associated with the use of multiple methods in the "omic" era. The use of biomedical informatics methods is a requisite necessary to improve the analysis of these data