Georges Sorel’s Diremption: Hegel, Marxism and Anti-Dialectics

Georges Sorel’s use of the term diremption to describe his method has long been found obscure. This paper shows that the term was associated with Hegel, and that interpreting it in this light can help us make sense of Sorel’s method. Sorel, this is to say, in his revision of Marxism and his social theory more generally, was engaging specifically with Hegelian philosophy. In addition to clarifying Sorel’s method, this perspective allows us both to place Sorel more clearly in his fin-de-siècle context and to draw connections between his work and more recent marxisant theory

Mycorrhizal functioning as part of the survival mechanisms of barley (Hordeum vulgare L) at long-term heavy metal stress

Pot experiment was design to study the inside and outside root colonization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on the barley (Hordeum vulgare L) at various types and loadings of several heavy metals or toxic elements. Soils of the pots were originating from a long-term field experiment, where 13 metal salts, such as the Al, As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, Zn was applied in 4 gradients (0, 30, 90, 270 mg.kg-1 dry soil), 12 years prior the study. Beside the relative and absolute frequency (F%, M%), the arbusculum richness (a%, A%) and the sporulation intensity (g-1 dry soil) of the AM fungi the biomass production and the element accumulation of the barley was also measured. The inside mycorrhizal colonization of the roots proved to be much less sensitive to the long-term heavy metal stress. Except the increased mycorrhizal sporulation at Ni (36 g-1 soil), several toxic elements, such as the Al, As, Ba, Cr, Cu, Pb, Se, Sr and Zn could reduce the spore-numbers of the AM fungi significantly. This lower density, however was not affecting to the biomass production of the barley. At some metals with lower AMF sporulation an increased root (and fungal) biomass were found at the As, Ba, Cr, Cu and Cd elements. Increased arbusculum richness (A%) could be developed, on the other hand at the Hg and Pb metals. Such various mechanisms of the mycorrhizal functioning can offer a general aid for the host-plants to cope with the environmental stress, which could result a more balanced shoot (and yield) biomass production

Establishment and role of mycorrhiza in plants

Mikoriza je simbioza korijenja biljaka i gljiva pri čemu dolazi do izmjene hranjivih tvari između biljke i gljive. Mikorizne gljive vjerojatno su bile važne u naseljavanju kopna biljkama. Biljka i gljiva utječu jedno na drugo na mnogo načina, međutim, koordinirani razvojni procesi na obje strane rezultiraju funkcionalnom simbiontskom jedinicom. Mikoriza se dijeli na dvije glavne vrste: endomikorizu i ektomikorizu. Postoji i prijelazni oblik, ektoendomikoriza. Najčešći i najvažniji tip endomikorize je arbuskularna mikoriza Uspostavljanje arbuskularne mikorize počinje izmjenom signala između gljive i biljke. Nakon toga dolazi do ekspresije gena za simbiozu te grananja hife i korijena. Kad hifa dođe do korijena na vrhu hife formira se apresorij, pomoću kojeg hifa ulazi u korijen sve do unutarnje kore gdje se u stanicama formiraju arbuskuli. Arbuskuli se koriste za razmjenu hranjivih tvari između biljaka i gljive. I drugi su tipovi endomikorize važni, erikoidna mikoriza i orhidejna mikoriza. Mikoriza se koristi u agrokulturi, hortikulturi, šumarstvu i cvjećarstvu. Premda je poznato da mikotrofne biljke imaju poboljšan rast i prinos te da su otpornije na promjene u okolišu mikoriza se još uvijek slabo koristi u poljoprivredi. Glavni razlog tome su tehnike izolacije i produkcije inokuluma na čijem se poboljšanju danas intenzivno radi.A mycorrhiza is a symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of a plant. The association is characterized by the movement of plant-produced carbon to the fungus and fungal-acquired nutrients to the plant. Mycorrhizas probably played a crucial role in the initial colonisation of land by plants. The establishment of the mycorrhiza involves specific developmental adaptations in both symbiotic partners. Mycorrhiza is divided into two main types: endomycorrhiza and ectomycorrhiza. There is also a transitional form, ectoendomycorrhiza. The most common and most important type of endomycorrhiza is arbuscular mycorrhiza. Establishment of arbuscular mycorrhiza starts by exchanging signals between fungi and plants. Signal exchange induces hyphal and root branching. When the fungus reaches the root surface, it forms appressoria, from which an infection hypha penetrates deep into the parenchyma cortex. Here, intercellular hyphae branch into root cells, where they differentiate into highly ramified arbuscules. Ericoid mycorrhiza, orchid mycorrhiza and ectomycorrhiza are also important types of mychorrizas. Given that mycorrhizas are nearly always beneficial to a plants growth and often health, their potential use to humans, in terms of agriculture and horticulture, could be immense. Despite this potential inoculation of crops is rarely seen and mycorrhizas are only introduced deliberately in a few industries. The main reasons are techniques of inoculum production and isolation, in which are still improving

The role of the stock effect in the development of hindering of the paprika powdery mildew (Leveillula Taurica Arn.) infection

The powdery mildew is a frequent fungi infection appearing in the intensive paprika growing, which causes rather serious economic loss despite of the integrated plant defense. The leaf necrosis it brings about appears within 20 days as a result of the high humidity (80-90%), and 26-30 °C temperature, mostly in foil-covered growing facilities irrespectively of the forcing periods. Following this, the plants and the development of the fruits cease. In our experiment, we used a cherry shaped pepper as rootstock that was selected from a substance growing wild in Mexico only (Capsicum annuum var. cerasiforme L.). It showed a significant resistance against the infection of the paprika powdery mildew (Leveillula taurica Arn.). Under the experimental conditions no powdery mildew infection appeared on the leaves of the scion paprika during the whole growing period. The stock’s root system had a low AM-type mycorrhiza contact

Kandungan Klorofil Tanaman Kangkung Air (Ipomoea aquatica) Akibat Pemberian Logam Kadmium (Cd) pada Berbagai Konsentrasi

This research aimed to description the chlorophyll content, the metal cadmium accumulations in the leaves, and the growth of water spinach resulting from the furnishing of cadmium metal with various concentrations, detention time, and the interaction between the two treatments. The research was conducted in the Green House Faculty Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, State University of Surabaya using a randomized block design (RAK). Cadmium metal concentrations used were 0 ppm, 8 ppm, 12 ppm, 16 ppm, and 20 ppm, with a detention time for 7 and 14 days. Parameters observed chlorophyll content, accumulation of cadmium in leaves of metal, and water spinach plant growth. Data were then analyzed using 2-way ANOVA and Duncan test continued with a significance level of 0,05. Results showed that giving with a concentration of cadmium metal and different detention time can affect the levels of chlorophyll, metals cadmium accumulation in the leaves, and Ipomoea aquatica Forsk growth. The smallest leaf chlorophyll content indicated on providing metal concentration of 16 ppm, and 20 ppm with detention time of 14 days. The mean greatest metal accumulation in leaves was shown at a concentration of 12 ppm, 16 ppm, and 20 ppm which is equal to 6.357 ppm, 6.765 ppm and 6.468 ppm. Giving a concentration of 20 ppm with a 14-day detention time showed the smallest end of the weight is 34.57 grams.   Key words: kadmium concentration; detention time; chlorophyll content; metals kadmium accumulation; growth water spinac

Evaluación de la infectividad de comunidades de hongos micorrízicos arbusculares

La infectividad, definida como la capacidad de una especie aislada para establecer rápidamente una colonización micorrízica extensa en las raíces de las plantas de prueba, el presente trabajo evaluó en HMAs seleccionados y aislados del campo experimental. Se realizaron diferentes experimentos para evaluar la germinación de esporas y el crecimiento de hifas, utilizando el método "sándwich" o las placas de múltiples pocillos. En los aislamientos de F. mosseae, las tasas de germinación de esporocarpios oscilaron entre 52% y 89%, las esporas de R. fulgida mostraron 69% de porcentaje de germinación. La capacidad de los aislamientos de HMAs para formar apresorios que dan lugar a puntos de entrada que colonizan las raíces fue variable, y los valores variaron de 1.6 a 6.1 puntos de entrada cm raíz-1. En consecuencia, la colonización micorrízica osciló entre el 2% y el 31%

Advantages of application of mycorrhizated plants in environmentfriendly agriculture and forestations

Ectomycorrhizal inoculation procedures have been developed to improve forestation practice in areas with unfavourable habitat properties. The inoculation of cultivated crops with specially developed inocula of arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi succeeded in reaching a substantial harvest surplus of plant material, and makes environment-friendly, fertilizer-free farming practices around shallow lakes possible

Establishment and role of mycorrhiza in plants

Mikoriza je simbioza korijenja biljaka i gljiva pri čemu dolazi do izmjene hranjivih tvari između biljke i gljive. Mikorizne gljive vjerojatno su bile važne u naseljavanju kopna biljkama. Biljka i gljiva utječu jedno na drugo na mnogo načina, međutim, koordinirani razvojni procesi na obje strane rezultiraju funkcionalnom simbiontskom jedinicom. Mikoriza se dijeli na dvije glavne vrste: endomikorizu i ektomikorizu. Postoji i prijelazni oblik, ektoendomikoriza. Najčešći i najvažniji tip endomikorize je arbuskularna mikoriza Uspostavljanje arbuskularne mikorize počinje izmjenom signala između gljive i biljke. Nakon toga dolazi do ekspresije gena za simbiozu te grananja hife i korijena. Kad hifa dođe do korijena na vrhu hife formira se apresorij, pomoću kojeg hifa ulazi u korijen sve do unutarnje kore gdje se u stanicama formiraju arbuskuli. Arbuskuli se koriste za razmjenu hranjivih tvari između biljaka i gljive. I drugi su tipovi endomikorize važni, erikoidna mikoriza i orhidejna mikoriza. Mikoriza se koristi u agrokulturi, hortikulturi, šumarstvu i cvjećarstvu. Premda je poznato da mikotrofne biljke imaju poboljšan rast i prinos te da su otpornije na promjene u okolišu mikoriza se još uvijek slabo koristi u poljoprivredi. Glavni razlog tome su tehnike izolacije i produkcije inokuluma na čijem se poboljšanju danas intenzivno radi.A mycorrhiza is a symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of a plant. The association is characterized by the movement of plant-produced carbon to the fungus and fungal-acquired nutrients to the plant. Mycorrhizas probably played a crucial role in the initial colonisation of land by plants. The establishment of the mycorrhiza involves specific developmental adaptations in both symbiotic partners. Mycorrhiza is divided into two main types: endomycorrhiza and ectomycorrhiza. There is also a transitional form, ectoendomycorrhiza. The most common and most important type of endomycorrhiza is arbuscular mycorrhiza. Establishment of arbuscular mycorrhiza starts by exchanging signals between fungi and plants. Signal exchange induces hyphal and root branching. When the fungus reaches the root surface, it forms appressoria, from which an infection hypha penetrates deep into the parenchyma cortex. Here, intercellular hyphae branch into root cells, where they differentiate into highly ramified arbuscules. Ericoid mycorrhiza, orchid mycorrhiza and ectomycorrhiza are also important types of mychorrizas. Given that mycorrhizas are nearly always beneficial to a plants growth and often health, their potential use to humans, in terms of agriculture and horticulture, could be immense. Despite this potential inoculation of crops is rarely seen and mycorrhizas are only introduced deliberately in a few industries. The main reasons are techniques of inoculum production and isolation, in which are still improving