University of Zagreb. Faculty of Science. Department of Biology.
Abstract
Mikoriza je simbioza korijenja biljaka i gljiva pri čemu dolazi do izmjene hranjivih tvari između biljke i gljive. Mikorizne gljive vjerojatno su bile važne u naseljavanju kopna biljkama. Biljka i gljiva utječu jedno na drugo na mnogo načina, međutim, koordinirani razvojni procesi na obje strane rezultiraju funkcionalnom simbiontskom jedinicom. Mikoriza se dijeli na dvije glavne vrste: endomikorizu i ektomikorizu. Postoji i prijelazni oblik, ektoendomikoriza. Najčešći i najvažniji tip endomikorize je arbuskularna mikoriza Uspostavljanje arbuskularne mikorize počinje izmjenom signala između gljive i biljke. Nakon toga dolazi do ekspresije gena za simbiozu te grananja hife i korijena. Kad hifa dođe do korijena na vrhu hife formira se apresorij, pomoću kojeg hifa ulazi u korijen sve do unutarnje kore gdje se u stanicama formiraju arbuskuli. Arbuskuli se koriste za razmjenu hranjivih tvari između biljaka i gljive. I drugi su tipovi endomikorize važni, erikoidna mikoriza i orhidejna mikoriza. Mikoriza se koristi u agrokulturi, hortikulturi, šumarstvu i cvjećarstvu. Premda je poznato da mikotrofne biljke imaju poboljšan rast i prinos te da su otpornije na promjene u okolišu mikoriza se još uvijek slabo koristi u poljoprivredi. Glavni razlog tome su tehnike izolacije i produkcije inokuluma na čijem se poboljšanju danas intenzivno radi.A mycorrhiza is a symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of a plant. The association is characterized by the movement of plant-produced carbon to the fungus and fungal-acquired nutrients to the plant. Mycorrhizas probably played a crucial role in the initial colonisation of land by plants. The establishment of the mycorrhiza involves specific developmental adaptations in both symbiotic partners. Mycorrhiza is divided into two main types: endomycorrhiza and ectomycorrhiza. There is also a transitional form, ectoendomycorrhiza. The most common and most important type of endomycorrhiza is arbuscular mycorrhiza. Establishment of arbuscular mycorrhiza starts by exchanging signals between fungi and plants. Signal exchange induces hyphal and root branching. When the fungus reaches the root surface, it forms appressoria, from which an infection hypha penetrates deep into the parenchyma cortex. Here, intercellular hyphae branch into root cells, where they differentiate into highly ramified arbuscules. Ericoid mycorrhiza, orchid mycorrhiza and ectomycorrhiza are also important types of mychorrizas. Given that mycorrhizas are nearly always beneficial to a plants growth and often health, their potential use to humans, in terms of agriculture and horticulture, could be immense. Despite this potential inoculation of crops is rarely seen and mycorrhizas are only introduced deliberately in a few industries. The main reasons are techniques of inoculum production and isolation, in which are still improving
