MOST IMPORTANT CELLULAR CHANGES INVOLVED IN RENAL ISCHEMIA REPERFUSION INJURY AND THE CONSEQUENT IMPACT ON SELECTED REMOTE ORGANS

oai:ojs2.ujpr.org:article/3Because of the high rate of baseline oxygen use by renal cells, kidney is highly influenced by obstruction of arterial blood inflow and subsequent shortage of the received oxygen, this condition is known as Ischemic injury. There are many clinical settings associated with unavoidable ischemic state such as kidney transplantation, partial nephrectomy or suprarenal procedures of the aorta. During ischemia many cellular changes occur including vascular congestion and adhesion of inflammatory cells to the endothelium with subsequent infiltration into the kidney tissue. Following ischemia, a phase known as Reperfusion begins andinvolves a return of blood and oxygen supply to micro vessels. Reperfusion was expected to restore the damage occurred during the ischemic phase, paradoxically, reperfusion leads to more congestion, red cells trapping and excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can oxidatively modify significantly every type of biomolecule, thereby inducing cell dysfunction and induce reperfusion injury. Ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is also related to a phenomenon called Remote Organ Injury (ROI) in which the damaging effect induced by I/R is not only restricted to the tissue that undergoing the initial ischemia but alsoit leads to injury to remote organs such as the liver, lung, gut. ROI usually occurs by the same mechanisms seen in the local injury induced by I/R including the generation of ROS, leukocytes, and inflammatory mediators (e.g; TNF-α). These substances are directly released from the primary injured tissue or indirectly from activated leukocytes or other inflammatory cells causing organ dysfunctions in distant organs.         Peer Review History: Received 3 March 2018;   Revised 8 March; Accepted 11 March, Available online 15 March 2018 UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file:        Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 8.5/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Dr. Francis Adou Yapo, Felix Houphouet Boigny, University of Abidjan, Ivory Coast, [email protected] Dr. Fátima Morales Marín, University of Murcia, Spain, [email protected] This article has been cited by: Dalia Ibrahim Ismail email orcid ; Alshaymaa Gamal Aboulkhair. The Effect of Aliskiren on Renal Cortical Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Albino Rats: A Histological and Immunohistochemical Study. Article 6, Volume 42, Issue 4, Autumn 2020, Page 838-848. Pubme

The Use of Different Irrigation Techniques to Decrease Bacterial Loads in Healthy and Diabetic Patients with Asymptomatic Apical Periodontitis

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus is a multisystem disease which weakens the human’s immunity. Subsequently, it worsens the sequelae of apical periodontitis by raising a fierce bacterial trait due to the impaired host response.AIM: The study aimed to estimate bacterial reduction after using different irrigation techniques in systemically healthy and diabetic patients with asymptomatic apical periodontitis.MATERIAL AND METHODS: Enterococcus faecalis, Peptostreptococcus micros, and Fusobacterium necleatum bacteria were chosen, as they are the most common and prevailing strains found in periodontitis. Bacterial samples were retrieved from necrotic root canals of systemically healthy and diabetic patients, before and after endodontic cleaning and shaping by using two different irrigation techniques; the conventional one and the EndoVac system. Quantitive polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was utilised to detect the reduction in the bacterial count.RESULTS: The EndoVac irrigation system was effective in reducing bacteria, especially Peptostreptococcus micros in the diabetic group when compared to conventional irrigation technique with a statistically significant difference.CONCLUSION: The EndoVac can be considered as a promising tool in combination with irrigant solution to defeat the bacterial colonies living in the root canal system. Additional studies ought to be done to improve the means of bacterial clearance mainly in immune-compromised individuals

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Anti-leukemic activity of a four-plant mixture in a leukemic rat model

Abstract Background Leukemia is a malignant blood disease caused by the overproduction of a large number of immature blood cells that enter the peripheral blood. Because of the side effects associating the chemotherapy of leukemia, the identification of medicinal herbs, therefore, remains to be an attractive goal to treat leukemia. Results In this study, leukemia was experimentally induced in rats by 7, 12-dimethyl benza[a]anthracene (DMBA) and rats were treated with a water extract of a four-plant (Arctium lappa, Ulmus rubra, Rumex acetosella, and Rheum palmatum) mixture. Application of this four-plant mixture extract successfully recovered weight loss and restored the normal total WBC, lymphocyte and neutrophil counts in a leukemia rat model compared to either the DMSO-treated rats or the leukemic rats before applying the plant mixture. Moreover, this plant mixture decreased the percentage of blasts by two thirds in leukemic rats. By quantitative real-time PCR, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1 mRNA expression in lymphocytes was downregulated in leukemic rats, and this downregulation was significantly alleviated by treating the leukemic rats with the plant mixture. Conclusion This study investigates, for the first time, the effect of this plant mixture on a chemically induced leukemia rat model. Results further support previous reports about the anti-carcinogenic effect of this plant mixture and highlights the possibility of its use in leukemia treatment to avoid the negative side effects of the usual therapy

Genomic image representation of human coronavirus sequences for COVID-19 detection

Coronavirus (CoV) disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a severe pandemic affecting millions worldwide. Due to its rapid evolution, researchers have been working on developing diagnostic approaches to suppress its spread. This study presents an effective automated approach based on genomic image processing (GIP) techniques to rapidly detect COVID-19, among other human CoV diseases, with high acceptable accuracy. The GIP technique was applied as follows: first, genomic graphical mapping techniques were used to convert the genome sequences into genomic grayscale images. The frequency chaos game representation (FCGR) and single gray-level representation (SGLR) techniques were used in this investigation. Then, several statistical features were obtained from the images to train and test many classifiers, including the k-nearest neighbors (KNN). This study aimed to determine the efficacy of the FCGR (with different orders) and SGLR images for accurately detecting COVID-19, using a dataset containing both partial and complete genome sequences. The results recommended the fourth-order FCGR image as a proper genomic image for extracting statistical features and achieving accurate classification. Furthermore, the results showed that KNN achieved an overall accuracy of 99.39% in detecting COVID-19, among other human CoV diseases, with 99.48% precision, 99.31% sensitivity, 99.47% specificity, 0.99 F1-score, and 0.99 Matthew's correlation coefficient

Enhanced Deep Learning Model for Classification of Retinal Optical Coherence Tomography Images

Retinal optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging is a valuable tool for assessing the condition of the back part of the eye. The condition has a great effect on the specificity of diagnosis, the monitoring of many physiological and pathological procedures, and the response and evaluation of therapeutic effectiveness in various fields of clinical practices, including primary eye diseases and systemic diseases such as diabetes. Therefore, precise diagnosis, classification, and automated image analysis models are crucial. In this paper, we propose an enhanced optical coherence tomography (EOCT) model to classify retinal OCT based on modified ResNet (50) and random forest algorithms, which are used in the proposed study’s training strategy to enhance performance. The Adam optimizer is applied during the training process to increase the efficiency of the ResNet (50) model compared with the common pre-trained models, such as spatial separable convolutions and visual geometry group (VGG) (16). The experimentation results show that the sensitivity, specificity, precision, negative predictive value, false discovery rate, false negative rate accuracy, and Matthew’s correlation coefficient are 0.9836, 0.9615, 0.9740, 0.9756, 0.0385, 0.0260, 0.0164, 0.9747, 0.9788, and 0.9474, respectively

Petrogenesis and Geodynamic Evolution of A-Type Granite Bearing Rare Metals Mineralization in Egypt: Insights from Geochemistry and Mineral Chemistry

During the Late Precambrian, the North Eastern Desert of Egypt underwent significant crustal evolution in a tectonic environment characterized by strong extension. The Neoproterozoic alkali feldspar granite found in the Homret El Gergab area is a part of the Arabian Nubian Shield and hosts significant rare metal mineralization, including thorite, uranothorite, columbite, zircon, monazite, and xenotime, as well as pyrite, rutile, and ilmenite. The geochemical characteristics of the investigated granite reveal highly fractionated peraluminous, calc–alkaline affinity, A-type granite, and post-collision geochemical signatures, which are emplaced under an extensional regime of within-plate environments. It has elevated concentrations of Rb, Zr, Ba, Y, Nb, Th, and U. The zircon saturation temperature ranges from 753 °C to 766 °C. The formation of alkali feldspar rare metal granite was affected by extreme fractionation and fluid interactions at shallow crustal levels. The continental crust underwent extension, causing the mantle and crust to rise, stretch, and become thinner. This process allows basaltic magma from the mantle to be injected into the continental crust. Heat and volatiles were transferred from these basaltic bodies to the lower continental crust. This process enriched and partially melted the materials in the lower crust. The intrusion of basaltic magma from the mantle into the lower crust led to the formation of A-type granite

The Potential Neuroprotective Effect of Thymoquinone on Scopolamine-Induced In Vivo Alzheimer’s Disease-like Condition: Mechanistic Insights

Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder without effective treatment. Thymoquinone (TQ) has demonstrated potential in exhibiting anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and antioxidant characteristics. Despite TQ’s neuroprotection effect, there is a scarcity of information regarding its application in AD research, and its molecular trajectories remain ambiguous. Thus, the objective of the current investigation was to examine the potential beneficial effects and underlying mechanisms of TQ in scopolamine (SCOP)-induced neuronal injury to mimic AD in vivo model. Methods: Thirty mice were divided into normal, SCOP, and TQ groups. The Y-maze and pole climbing tests were performed to measure memory and motor performance. Afterwards, histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations were carried out. Furthermore, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) signaling pathway-related proteins and genes were detected with an emphasis on the role of miR-9. Results: TQ has the potential to ameliorate cognitive deficits observed in SCOP-induced AD-like model, as evidenced by the improvement in behavioral outcomes, histopathological changes, modulation of the expression pattern of PPAR-γ downstream targets with a significant decrease in the deposition of amyloid beta (Aβ). Conclusions: TQ provided meaningful multilevel neuroprotection through its anti-inflammatory and its PPAR-γ agonist activity. Consequently, TQ may possess a potential beneficial role against AD development

Use of Melatonin/Decorticotomy and Autogenous Bone Graft in Induced 1-Wall Defect

ABSTRACT: Purpose: This study was designed to investigate the effect of intramarrow penetration (IMP) and 1% melatonin (MLN) gel on the remodelling process of autogenous bone graft (ABG) in an induced 1–osseous wall defect model. Methods: Sixty-four intrabony induced mandibular defects were created on the distal side of premolars—P1, P2, P3, and P4 (on each side)—in 8 beagle dogs. A ligature-induced periodontitis was initiated in each defect. Defects were then divided into 4 equal groups. Group I was treated with open-flap debridement (OFD) alone, group II was treated with OFD/ABG, group III was treated with OFD/IMP/ABG, and group IV was treated with OFD/ABG/IMP/1% MLN gel. The study parameters were bone fill, histologic analysis, and immunohistochemical evaluation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression at 2-week (2W) and 8-week (8W) time intervals. Results: At 8W, significant differences were revealed amongst all groups regarding the amount of bone fill and eNOS expressions (P < .001). Bone fill percentages were 55.5%, 22.3%, 16.8%, and 0% in groups IV, III, II, and I, respectively. eNOS expressions were 1.68 ± 0.06, 8.43 ± 0.04, 16.80 ± 0.17, and 1.97 ± 0.07 in groups IV, III, II, and I, respectively. The favourable results were in line with group IV. Conclusions: According to these preliminary results, defects treated by ABG augmented with IMP and 1% MLN gel revealed a greater amount of bone fill and reduced eNOS expression. This combination is therefore highly suggested as an adjunct to ABG