286 research outputs found
Neutron monitors and muon detectors for solar modulation studies: Interstellar flux, yield function, and assessment of critical parameters in count rate calculations
Particles count rates at given Earth location and altitude result from the
convolution of (i) the interstellar (IS) cosmic-ray fluxes outside the solar
cavity, (ii) the time-dependent modulation of IS into Top-of-Atmosphere (TOA)
fluxes, (iii) the rigidity cut-off (or geomagnetic transmission function) and
grammage at the counter location, (iv) the atmosphere response to incoming TOA
cosmic rays (shower development), and (v) the counter response to the various
particles/energies in the shower. Count rates from neutron monitors or muon
counters are therefore a proxy to solar activity. In this paper, we review all
ingredients, discuss how their uncertainties impact count rate calculations,
and how they translate into variation/uncertainties on the level of solar
modulation (in the simple Force-Field approximation). The main
uncertainty for neutron monitors is related to the yield function. However,
many other effects have a significant impact, at the 5-10\% level on
values. We find no clear ranking of the dominant effects, as some depend on the
station position and/or the weather and/or the season. An abacus to translate
any variation of count rates (for neutron and detectors) to a variation
of the solar modulation is provided.Comment: 28 pages, 16 figures, 9 tables, match accepted version in AdSR (minor
corrections, Dorman (1974,2004,2009) reference textbooks added
Neutron monitors and muon detectors for solar modulation studies: 2. time series
The level of solar modulation at different times (related to the solar
activity) is a central question of solar and galactic cosmic-ray physics. In
the first paper of this series, we have established a correspondence between
the uncertainties on ground-based detectors count rates and the parameter
(modulation level in the force-field approximation) reconstructed from
these count rates. In this second paper, we detail a procedure to obtain a
reference time series from neutron monitor data. We show that we can
have an unbiased and accurate reconstruction (). We also discuss the potential of Bonner spheres spectrometers and muon
detectors to provide time series. Two by-products of this calculation
are updated values for the cosmic-ray database and a web interface to
retrieve and plot from the 50's to today
(\url{http://lpsc.in2p3.fr/crdb}).Comment: 15 pages, 5 figures, 2 tables. AdSR, in press. Web interface to get
modulation parameter phi(t): new tab in http://lpsc.in2p3.fr/crd
2/3D imaging based on photonics-enabled multi-band MIMO radar system
Photonics-enabled coherent MIMO radars have been numerically investigated to evaluate the benefits of coherence and multi-band operation in 2/3D imaging
Effect of cattle trampling and farm machinery traffic on soil compaction of an Entic Haplustoll in a semiarid region of Argentina
Soil compaction has detrimental effects on the physical, mechanical and hydraulic
properties of soils, and affects important soil processes and function, and crop productivity. This
work was conducted to investigate soil compaction impacts in integrated arable croppinglivestock systems managed under conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT). The work
examined the combined effects of cattle trampling and farm machinery traffic on: soil strength,
soil deformation, and water infiltration into soil. The following treatments were applied to soil
(Entic Haplustoll, 60% sand) managed under CT and NT: three traffic intensities (1, 5, 7 passes)
performed with light (2WD, 53 kN) and heavy (4WD, 100.4 kN) tractors, and two stocking
densities (400 and 700 kg ha-1
), respectively. Controls were also used to represent the condition
of the soil without any effect of livestock or field traffic. In both tillage systems, soil penetration
resistance (strength) increased and water infiltration into soil decreased as traffic intensities or
stocking rates applied increased. There was a significant traffic intensity × stocking rate
interaction, which influenced the depth and extent of soil compaction at depth. Despite these
results, stubble grazing during fallow should not be discouraged as this practice offers mixed
farming systems several agronomic and financial benefits. If stubble was to be grazed, the system
would need to be carefully managed: (1) avoid ‘random’ traffic using permanent or semipermanent traffic paths to minimise the field wheeled area, (2) vacate livestock from the field, or
confine it to a sacrificial area, when the soil water content exceeds a critical level above which
soil damage is likely, and (3) maintain more than 60%–70% ground cover. Tillage repair
treatments can be targeted to those sacrificial or ‘hot-spots’ areas so that localised, as supposed
to widespread, compaction problems are rectified before the next crop is established
Design and Performance Estimation of a Photonic Integrated Beamforming Receiver for Scan-On-Receive Synthetic Aperture Radar
Synthetic aperture radar is a remote sensing technology finding applications in a wide range of fields, especially related to Earth observation. It enables a fine imaging that is crucial in critical activities, like environmental monitoring for natural resource management or disasters prevention. In this picture, the scan-on-receive paradigm allows for enhanced imaging capabilities thanks to wide swath observations at finer azimuthal resolution achieved by beamforming of multiple simultaneous antenna beams. Recently, solutions based on microwave photonics techniques demonstrated the possibility of an efficient implementation of beamforming, overcoming some limitations posed by purely electronic solutions, offering unprecedented flexibility and precision to RF systems. Moreover, photonics-assisted RF beamformers can nowadays be realized as integrated circuits, with reduced size and power consumption with respect to digital beamforming approaches. This paper presents the design analysis and the challenges of the development of a hybrid photonic-integrated circuit as the core element of an X-band scan-on-receive spaceborne synthetic aperture radar. The proposed photonic-integrated circuit synthetizes three simultaneous scanning beams on the received signal, and performs the frequency down-conversion, guaranteeing a compact 15 cm2-form factor, less than 6 W power consumption, and 55 dB of dynamic range. The whole photonics-assisted system is designed for space compliance and meets the target application requirements, representing a step forward toward a deeper penetration of photonics in microwave applications for challenging scenarios, like the observation of the Earth from space
Multipurpose silicon photonics signal processor core
[EN] Integrated photonics changes the scaling laws of information and communication systems
offering architectural choices that combine photonics with electronics to optimize
performance, power, footprint, and cost. Application-specific photonic integrated circuits,
where particular circuits/chips are designed to optimally perform particular functionalities,
require a considerable number of design and fabrication iterations leading to long
development times. A different approach inspired by electronic Field Programmable Gate
Arrays is the programmable photonic processor, where a common hardware implemented
by a two-dimensional photonic waveguide mesh realizes different functionalities through
programming. Here, we report the demonstration of such reconfigurable waveguide mesh in
silicon. We demonstrate over 20 different functionalities with a simple seven hexagonal cell
structure, which can be applied to different fields including communications, chemical and
biomedical sensing, signal processing, multiprocessor networks, and quantum information
systems. Our work is an important step toward this paradigm.J.C. acknowledges funding from the ERC Advanced Grant ERC-ADG-2016-741415
UMWP-Chip, I.G. acknowledges the funding through the Spanish MINECO Ramon y
Cajal program. D.P. acknowledges financial support from the UPV through the FPI
predoctoral funding scheme. D.J.T. acknowledges funding from the Royal Society for his
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Comparison of primary health care services between urban and rural settings after the introduction of the first urban health centre in Vyronas, Greece
Acute effects of fine particulate air pollution on ST segment height: A longitudinal study
Background
The mechanisms for the relationship between particulate air pollution and cardiac disease are not fully understood. Air pollution-induced myocardial ischemia is one of the potentially important mechanisms.
Methods
We investigate the acute effects and the time course of fine particulate pollution (PM2.5) on myocardium ischemic injury as assessed by ST-segment height in a community-based sample of 106 healthy non-smokers. Twenty-four hour beat-to-beat electrocardiogram (ECG) data were obtained using a high resolution 12-lead Holter ECG system. After visually identifying and removing all the artifacts and arrhythmic beats, we calculated beat-to-beat ST-height from ten leads (inferior leads II, III, and aVF; anterior leads V3 and V4; septal leads V1 and V2; lateral leads I, V5, and V6,). Individual-level 24-hour real-time PM2.5 concentration was obtained by a continuous personal PM2.5 monitor. We then calculated, on a 30-minute basis, the corresponding time-of-the-day specific average exposure to PM2.5 for each participant. Distributed lag models under a linear mixed-effects models framework were used to assess the regression coefficients between 30-minute PM2.5 and ST-height measures from each lead; i.e., one lag indicates a 30-minute separation between the exposure and outcome.
Results
The mean (SD) age was 56 (7.6) years, with 41% male and 74% white. The mean (SD) PM2.5 exposure was 14 (22) μg/m3. All inferior leads (II, III, and aVF) and two out of three lateral leads (I and V6), showed a significant association between higher PM2.5 levels and higher ST-height. Most of the adverse effects occurred within two hours after PM2.5 exposure. The multivariable adjusted regression coefficients β (95% CI) of the cumulative effect due to a 10 μg/m3 increase in Lag 0-4 PM2.5 on ST-I, II, III, aVF and ST-V6 were 0.29 (0.01-0.56) μV, 0.79 (0.20-1.39) μV, 0.52 (0.01-1.05) μV, 0.65 (0.11-1.19) μV, and 0.58 (0.07-1.09) μV, respectively, with all p < 0.05.
Conclusions
Increased PM2.5 concentration is associated with immediate increase in ST-segment height in inferior and lateral leads, generally within two hours. Such an acute effect of PM2.5 may contribute to increased potential for regional myocardial ischemic injury among healthy individuals
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Reexamining the effect of gustatory disgust on moral judgment: A multi-lab direct replication of Eskine, Kacinik, and Prinz (2011)
Tufts University Faculty Research Awar
Precision Measurement of the Boron to Carbon Flux Ratio in Cosmic Rays from 1.9 GV to 2.6 TV with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station
Knowledge of the rigidity dependence of the boron to carbon flux ratio (B/C) is important in understanding the propagation of cosmic rays. The precise measurement of the B/C ratio from 1.9 GV to 2.6 TV, based on 2.3 million boron and 8.3 million carbon nuclei collected by AMS during the first 5 years of operation, is presented. The detailed variation with rigidity of the B/C spectral index is reported for the first time. The B/C ratio does not show any significant structures in contrast to many cosmic ray models that require such structures at high rigidities. Remarkably, above 65 GV, the B/C ratio is well described by a single power law R[superscript Δ] with index Δ=-0.333±0.014(fit)±0.005(syst), in good agreement with the Kolmogorov theory of turbulence which predicts Δ=-1/3 asymptotically.National Science Foundation (U.S.) (Grants 1455202 and 1551980)Wyle Research (Firm) (Grant 2014/T72497)United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA Earth and Space Science Fellowship Grant HELIO15F-0005
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