Characteristics of Activated Carbon from Oil Palm Fronds with the Addition of Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3) and Sodium Chloride (NaCl) as an Activator

This paper aims to understand the difference in characteristics of activated carbon produced from oil palm fronds (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) through the addition of two different activators, namely sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) and sodium chloride (NaCl). To do this, activator concentration of 10 percent each with activation temperature of 600 oC were applied in the experiment. Moreover, to determine the quality of activated carbon produced, a morphological analysis of activated carbon surfaces as well as FTIR spectra analysis on activated carbon. Identification using FTIR spectrophotometer revealed that the activated carbon in this study contained functional groups of O-H, C = O, C = C, C-C, and C-H

PERBANDINGAN GUGUS FUNGSI DAN MORFOLOGI PERMUKAAN KARBON AKTIF DARI PELEPAH KELAPA SAWIT MENGGUNAKAN AKTIVATOR ASAM FOSFAT (H3PO4) DAN ASAM NITRAT (HNO3)

Indonesia is one of the biggest producent of palm oil in the world. According to Badan Pusat Statistik (Central Bureau of Statistics), on 2016 wide of the palm oil estate in Indonesia is 11.672.861 Ha. The waste of palm oil plantations so many and isn’t used optimal, for the example is oil palm frond. Oil palm frond is one of the wet of waste with the number of production as much as 19.143.492 ton on 2016. This research will discuss the comparison of functional group and surface morphology activated carbon of oil palm frond with use H3PO­4 and HNO3 as an activator. This research purpose to know the comparison of functional group and surface morphology activated carbon of oil palm frond with use H3PO4 and HNO3 as an activator. The method includes impregnation, carbonization, and washing process. The concentration of activator is 20% with 400 oC activation temperature. This research is used morphology surface activated carbon analysis with SEM and FTIR spectrophotometer. The result of analysis with SEM show there is pore formed on activated carbon and the indentification with spechtrophotometer FTIR shows that activated carbon is contain of functional group are C=O, C=C, C-C, N=O, C-N, C-OH, CH2and C-H

KARAKTERISTIK KARBON AKTIF DARI PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH TANAMAN KELAPA SAWIT DENGAN PENAMBAHAN AKTIVATOR NATRIUM KARBONAT (Na2CO3) DAN NATRIUM KLORIDA (NaCl)

Oil palm tree can produce 22 oil palm frond / year, the average weight of frond per rod reaches 2.2 kg, so that each hectare can produce fresh frond about 9 tons / year or equivalent to 1.64 tons / year of dry matter. Activated carbon can be used as a good absorbent agent for gas purification process and removal of organic pollutants from water, such as in liquid waste. The objective of this paper is to know the different characteristics of activated carbon from oil palm frond (elaeis guineensis jacq) as raw material with variation of activator sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) and sodium chloride (NaCl). The activator concentration used is 10% each with an activation temperature of 600 ° C. The quality of activated carbons was analyzed by surface active carbon morphology and FTIR spectra analysis on activated carbon. The result of identification with FTIR spectrophotometer showed that the activated carbon in this study contained the functional groups of O-H, C = O, C = C, C-C, and C-H

Studi Eksperimen Analisa Performa Compact Heat Exchanger Circular Tubes Continuous Plate Fin Untuk Pemanfaatan Waste Energy

Harga minyak dunia cenderung mengalami peningkatan dalam beberapa tahun terakhir sehingga manusia berfikir untuk memanfaatkan setiap penggunaan minyak bumi. Dengan berkembangnya teknologi saat ini waste energy yang berupa gas hasil pembakaran pada engine dapat dimanfaatkan menjadi bentuk energi lain menggunakan heat recovery system. Pada tugas akhir ini dilakukan desain sebuah heat exchanger tipe circular tubes continuous plate fin dengan susunan tube aligned yang digunakan untuk menyerap waste energy yang berupa exhaust gas. Untuk mendapatkan dimensi desain yang sesuai digunakan metode ΔTLMTD. Metode ini digunakan untuk menentukan nilai dari overall heat transfer  desain dari heat exchanger, kemudian dilakukan perhitungan untuk nilai overall heat transfer hitung. Setelah didapatkan nilai dari overall heat transfer secara desain dan hitung maka dilakukan iterasi untuk mendapatkan dimensi heat exchanger yang memiliki nilai error paling kecil antara nilai overall heat transfer desain dan hitung. Untuk pengujian performa dari heat exchanger yang telah didesain maka dilakukan variasi kacepatan exhaust gas yang melewati heat exchanger, yaitu 0.4 m/s, 0.3 m/s, dan 0.2 m/s. Exhaust gas yang digunakan memiliki temperatur 280oC. Pada tugas akhir ini didapatkan desain compact heat exchanger dengan dimensi panjang 0.38 m, lebar 0.45 m, dan tebal 0.04m. Setelah dilakukan pengujian dengan memvariasikan kecepatan dari exhaust gas yang melewati heat exchanger maka didapatkan bahwa nilai dari qaktual dari heat exchanger mengalami kenaikan dengan bertambahnya reynolds number akibat bertambahnya kecepatan exhaust gas, kemudian nilai dari effectiveness akan mengalami penurunan untuk setiap kenaikan dari reynold number exhaust gas. Selain itu nilai dari NTU heat exchanger juga mengalami penurunan dengan bertambahnya reynold number exhaust gas. Untuk nilai overall heat transfer dari heat exchanger yang didesain akan mengalami kenaikan akibat bertambahnya nilai reynold number exhaust gas

Distribution and determinants of young child feeding practices in the East African region: demographic health survey data analysis from 2008-2011

We utilized the most recent Demographic Health Survey data to explore the distribution of feeding practices and examine relationships between complementary feeding and socio-demographic and health behaviour indicators in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. We based our analysis on complementary dietary diversity scores calculated for children 6-23 months old. Geographically, Kenya displayed clear division of children\u2019s diet diversity scores across its regions, unlike Uganda and Tanzania. Less than 40% of the children\u2019s meal frequencies in Uganda and Tanzania had met the minimum daily recommended levels. Only 30-40% of children in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda had consumed diets with adequate diversity. Children\u2019s age, breastfeeding status, mother\u2019s education level and working status, household wealth index, prenatal care visits, receiving vitamin A supplements, using modern contraceptives and meal frequencies were significantly associated with adequate complementary food diversity in at least one of the three countries included in the current analyses. These analyses contribute to a better understanding and targeting of infant and young child feeding within the East African region

Using family-based experiential learning to improve nutrition knowledge, dietary intake, physical activity, and food purchasing behaviors among Northern Virginia Latina WIC participants and their children: A pilot study

Objective: To examine the impact of a family-based nutrition education program on nutrition knowledge, diet, physical activity, and food purchasing behaviors of Latina mothers and children participating in Northern Virginia Women, Infant, Children (WIC) programs. Methods: Surveys were administered to mothers (n=15) using a pre-test/post-test design. The family-based nutrition intervention included 1) Discussion and lecture on food labels, food purchasing, portion sizes, and healthy meals, 2) Experiential learning focused on preparation and storage of low-cost, healthy meals incorporating WIC foods, and 3) A Zumba class and discussion on physical activity. Results: The data revealed improved diet such that mothers reported increased fruit and vegetable consumption, decreased juice consumption among their children. Mothers reported their children were more physically active. Further, mothers prepared more meals at home using raw ingredients. Conclusions: The findings are significant in that they support growing literature of the success of family based interventions. Further, these data show the importance of integrating experiential learning activities such as cooking and physical activity with the more traditional didactic methods. This research was supported the Virginia Department of Health and the HRSA funded Virginia Commonwealth Public Health Training Center

Maternal Intake of Methyl‐Donor Nutrients and Child Cognition at 3 Years of Age

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/91325/1/j.1365-3016.2012.01264.x.pd

Zinc intake, status and indices of cognitive function in adults and children: a systematic review and meta-analysis

In developing countries, deficiencies of micronutrients are thought to have a major impact on child development; however, a consensus on the specific relationship between dietary zinc intake and cognitive function remains elusive. The aim of this systematic review was to examine the relationship between zinc intake, status and indices of cognitive function in children and adults. A systematic literature search was conducted using EMBASE, MEDLINE and Cochrane Library databases from inception to March 2014. Included studies were those that supplied zinc as supplements or measured dietary zinc intake. A meta-analysis of the extracted data was performed where sufficient data were available. Of all of the potentially relevant papers, 18 studies met the inclusion criteria, 12 of which were randomised controlled trials (RCTs; 11 in children and 1 in adults) and 6 were observational studies (2 in children and 4 in adults). Nine of the 18 studies reported a positive association between zinc intake or status with one or more measure of cognitive function. Meta-analysis of data from the adult’s studies was not possible because of limited number of studies. A meta-analysis of data from the six RCTs conducted in children revealed that there was no significant overall effect of zinc intake on any indices of cognitive function: intelligence, standard mean difference of <0.001 (95% confidence interval (CI) –0.12, 0.13) P=0.95; executive function, standard mean difference of 0.08 (95% CI, –0.06, 022) P=0.26; and motor skills standard mean difference of 0.11 (95% CI –0.17, 0.39) P=0.43. Heterogeneity in the study designs was a major limitation, hence only a small number (n=6) of studies could be included in the meta-analyses. Meta-analysis failed to show a significant effect of zinc supplementation on cognitive functioning in children though, taken as a whole, there were some small indicators of improvement on aspects of executive function and motor development following supplementation but high-quality RCTs are necessary to investigate this further